DEATH: A CONCEPT IN TRANSITION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-239
Author(s):  
Francis L. Delmonico ◽  
Judson G. Randolph
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Lay Persons ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Function ◽  
Adequate Definition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

The concept has been put forth that "brain death" constitutes the true death of the patient, regardless of supported cardiorespiratory function. This premise has not been uniformly accepted by the medical profession or the laity. The study presented evaluates opinions of 100 lay persons and 100 physicians as to their concept of death. In addition, a group of 70 freshman medical students were interviewed representing the transition from the lay to the medical orientation. Forty-six percent of the physicians, forty-two percent of the freshman medical students and sixty percent of the lay people did not consider brain death an adequate definition of cessation of life. It would appear that the classic concept of death is ingrained in the majority of the laity as well as a sizable percentage of the medical profession. This has important connotations for the field of organ transplantation and for individual situations which evoke crucial decisions about the cessation of artificial support of individuals in various clinical states. It is important that the medical profession as a whole assess the facts and standards which have been recommended from reliable sources on the subject of irrevocable death, so that some unification of thought will be realized. Only then can public education proceed, minimizing confusion, doubt, and misplaced hope.

scholarly journals Medico-Legal Aspects of Renal Transplantation

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-349
Author(s):  
A. G. R. Sheil
Keyword(s):  
Renal Transplantation ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Support ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Heart Beating

Advances in clinical tissue and organ transplantation have enforced changes in legislation concerning the disposal of bodies and their parts. With the evolution of cardiopulmonary support systems came the concept of brain death. To enable physicians to withdraw support without transgressing the law, recognition in law of brain death was necessary. To ensure that the diagnosis of brain death was certain, eminent doctors in advanced communities have drawn up criteria of brain death which are widely recognised and applied with confidence by the medical profession. Organs for transplantation are best obtained from “heart beating cadavers”. Despite public support for organ transplantation the requirements for organs to treat those presenting are not currently being met even though the number of patients who die and who could be suitable donors far exceeds that required. Increased public education to stimulate voluntary donation is necessary. Standardisation of care of comatose patients in hospitals is also required so that brain death may be diagnosed when it occurs. If the procedures for organ donation are familiar and well understood, suitable patients can then become donors according to their own or their relatives’ wishes.

Philosophical and Cultural Aspects of Medical Profession: Philosophical and Conceptual Peculiarities

Cultura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Iryna MELNYCHUK ◽  
Nadiya FEDCHYSHYN ◽  
Oleg PYLYPYSHYN ◽  
Anatolii VYKHRUSHCH
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Cultural Proximity ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ecological Culture ◽  
High Level

The article analyzes the philosophical and cultural view of “doctor’s professional culture” as a result of centuries-old practice of human relations, which is characterized by constancy and passed from generation to generation. Medicine is a complex system in which an important role is played by: philosophical outlook of a doctor, philosophical culture, ecological culture, moral culture, aesthetic culture, artistic culture. We have found that within the system “doctor-patient” the degree of cultural proximity becomes a factor that influences the health or life of a patient. Thus, the following factors are important here: 1) communication that suppresses a sick person; 2) the balance of cultural and intellectual levels; 3) the cultural environment of a patient which has much more powerful impact on a patient than the medical one.At the present stage, the interdependence of professional and humanitarian training of future specialists is predominant, as a highly skilled specialist can not but become a subject of philosophizing. We outlined the sphere where the doctors present a genre variety of philosophizing (philosophical novels, apologies, dialogues, diaries, aphorisms, confessions, essays, etc.). This tradition represents the original variations in the formation of future doctor’s communicative competences, which are formed in the process of medical students’ professional training.A survey conducted among medical students made it possible to establish their professional values, which are indicators of the formation of philosophical and culturological competence. It was found out that 92% of respondents believed that a doctor should demonstrate a high level of health culture (avoid drinking and smoking habits, etc.)99% of respondents favoured a high level of personal qualities of a doctor which would allow methods and forms of medical practice to assert higher human ideals of truth, goodness and beauty that are the subject area of cultural studies and philosophy.

The Fight for Female Physicians in Imperial Germany

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Albisetti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Physicians ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Imperial Germany ◽  
Medical Faculties ◽  
The Subject

In the struggle for increased educational and employment opportunities for women that took place in Europe and America during the second half of the nineteenth century, no profession was the subject of more controversy than medicine.1 Although the issues involved in this controversy were similar in most countries, the paths by which women eventually succeeded in entering the medical profession displayed an intriguing variety. In Britain and the United States, resistance from much of the medical establishment forced women to found independent medical schools for the training of female physicians. Women in France and Switzerland, in contrast, gained access to existing medical faculties in the 1860s; yet for many years very few French or Swiss women took advantage of the opportunities available. In both countries, Russian women generally comprised the largest number of female medical students during the period, especially in the years before 1873 and again between 1882 and 1897, when no courses were available to them inside Russia.

scholarly journals Formation of “Safety” Terminology (Technosphere)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Федорец ◽  
Aleksandr Fedorets
Keyword(s):  
Subject Area ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Legal Term ◽  
Adequate Definition ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Domain Concept

Safety, along with freedom, is one of the most important indicators of the quality of our lives. But it is difficult to find a word in the Russian language, which, though used just as often, includes less specific meaning. The problem is that in the light of objective expansion of the "content" of the concept of "security" its "volume" in strict accordance with the rules of logic approaches zero. If possible, a more adequate definition of such fundamental concept as "security" should be seen as return of "volume." The definition cannot be given in isolation from domain concept most closely associated with technosphere, from other concepts and relationships between concepts of technosphere security. Assessing the adequacy of the described definition (definitions) of the subject area is only possible with system approach — in connection with the other terms of terminology. Logically, the same should be addressed to the formation of scientific and technical terminology of the subject area to avoid isolated definitions, and to form separate terms and their definitions within a coherent terminological system. An example of the wrong approach to the formation of the terminology is the Introduction into the Labour Code of the Russian Federation of a new legal term "occupational hazard", which did not work in this new subject area without its content and volume. Therefore, on the example of the concept of "security" the author proposed and demonstrated the methodology of formation of terminological concept of "security" (in technosphere) based on a model called the "puzzle of concepts."

scholarly journals Brain death and tissue and organ transplantation: the understanding of medical students

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Pola dos Reis ◽  
Bruno Henrique Pinto Gomes ◽  
Lucas Lopes Pimenta ◽  
Arnaldo Etzel
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Transplantation

scholarly journals The criteria for verifying brain death in children

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 125-127
Author(s):  
Dusica Simic ◽  
Milos Petkovic ◽  
Irina Kovacevic ◽  
Ivana Budic
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Definition Of

The American Committee, followed by the British, consisting of experts in various fields, in 1968 and 1976, respectively, reached the following consensus: ?If a brain stem is dead, a brain is dead, if a brain is dead, a person is dead...? In the last few years, definition of brain death was necessary due to organ transplantation. Most of criteria verifying brain death do not include the specific determinants of brain death in children. This paper specifies the most up-to-date guidelines for diagnosis of brain death in children of various ages.

On General Paralysis

1859 ◽  
Vol 6 (31) ◽  
pp. 79-93
Author(s):  
Harrington Tuke
Keyword(s):  
Medical Profession ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Petitio Principii ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

It is with reluctance that I attempt any definition of the disease that we have agreed to call the “general paralysis of the insane;” definitions are always difficult, and moreover they very frequently involve a petitio principii, that renders them practically useless. I have ventured, however, to group together some symptoms that may be taken as signalizing this dread disease, premising that some of my postulates may be questioned, and that I only pretend to offer my views upon the subject, as those of an individual observer, who, holding strong opinions, is willing to submit them to the objections or criticisms of his professional brethren. My object is to draw truly, but in strong relief, the various shapes assumed by the malady, and to sketch vividly its diverse symptoms, even if wrong, in some of my conclusions, or apparently too dogmatical in my propositions. I am satisfied if I can at all assist in fixing the attention of the medical profession outside the pale of my own special department to a form of disease that is so familiar to us, and that they, in the interests of suffering humanity, will do well to study.

Brain death

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Wise ◽  
Paul Frost
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Function ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Brainstem Death ◽  
Brainstem Function ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Brain

Mechanical ventilation has made it possible for the heart to continue to beat and perfuse other organs even when the brain is dead. This means that death can be diagnosed in two distinct ways: first, in the traditional manner, as permanent cessation of cardiorespiratory function; and, second, while the patient is ventilated, as brain death (BD). In 1976 the Conference of Medical Royal Colleges and their Faculties in the United Kingdom, in a statement on the diagnosis of BD, recognized the brainstem as the centre of brain activity, without which life was not possible. Brainstem death (BSD) occurs when there is complete, irreversible loss of brainstem function, that is, irreversible loss of the capacity for consciousness, coupled with irreversible loss of the capacity to breathe. In the UK, the terms BD and BSD are used interchangeably and are legally synonymous with somatic death. This chapter covers examination for BSD, complications, diagnosis, investigation, and actions arising after BSD, as well as a definition of BD.

scholarly journals First year medical students' performance analysis in anatomy with different modes of teaching: an experience of medical school in South India

2013 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 031-034
Author(s):  
Thangarasu Rajan ◽  
Atul M Bage
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
P Value ◽  
First Year ◽  
Clinical Anatomy ◽  
Teaching Anatomy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Year Medical Students ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Anatomy Teaching

Abstract Background and aims: The routine method of didactic lecture followed by dissection does not help for long-term retention of the subject, anatomy amongst medical students. The impact of clinical anatomy knowledge in medical profession is large and there is an absolute lack of positive reception in this regard amongst student community. Teaching methods play an important role to create interest and to make students appreciate the subject better. Studies evaluating different modes of teaching anatomy are scarce. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of different modes of anatomy teaching among medical students. Materials and methods: First year medical students were divided randomly into three groups and different modes of teaching anatomy like blackboard and chalk, audio/visual and using plastic models were compared by examination based assessment. The data of multiple groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by the Newman–Keuls multiple comparison test (PRISM Graph pad, version 4; Graph Pad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA). A P value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: No single method is effective in increasing the performance of both theory and practical examination across different topics and so a suitable combination of the different modes for a particular topic in anatomy teaching should be framed.

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