The Fetoplacental Circulation During Parturition: Evidence From Residual Placental Blood Volume

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-216
Author(s):  
Joachim G. Klebe ◽  
Carl Johan Ingomar
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Fetal Blood ◽  
Vaginal Route ◽  
Second Stage Of Labor ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
Placental Blood

The volume of blood left in the fetal part of the placenta after early clamping of the umbilical cord (residual placental blood) was measured in 24 deliveries, and found to be larger among infants born by the vaginal route compared to those born by cesarean section. The result is interpreted as an evidence of a temporary depositing of blood in the placenta during the second stage of labor. As early clamping of the umbilical cord, therefore, among cases of vaginal deliveries, amounts to a blood-letting of about 30 ml of the newborn infant's own blood, it is considered not to be a physiological procedure. The investigation has also demonstrated that the residual placental blood, among cases of vaginally delivered and early clamped infants, fails to represent the intrauterine distribution of the fetoplacental blood volume. Finally, the investigation shows that the placental transfusion, which takes place in late clamped infants, partly originates from previously deposited fetal blood, partly from placental blood. See table in the PDF file. See image in the PDF file. See image in the PDF file.

Effects of Umbilical Cord Milking on Term Infants Delivered by Cesarean Section

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpitha Chiruvolu ◽  
Alexis Medders ◽  
Yahya Daoud
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Cord Clamping ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Umbilical Cord Milking

Abstract Objective Umbilical cord milking (UCM) is an efficient way to achieve optimal placental transfusion in term infants born by cesarean section (CS). However, it is not frequently performed due to concern for short-term adverse effects of increased blood volume, such as polycythemia and hyperbilirubinemia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the short-term effects of UCM on term infants delivered by CS. Study Design We conducted a pre- and postimplementation cohort study comparing term infants delivered by CS who received UCM five times (141 infants, UCM group) during a 6-month period (August 1, 2017 to January 31, 2018) to those who received immediate cord clamping (ICC) during the same time period (105 infants, postimplementation ICC) and during a 3-month period (October1, 2016 to December 31, 2016) prior to the implementation of UCM (141 infants, preimplementation ICC). Results Mothers were older in UCM group compared with both ICC groups. There were no significant differences in other maternal or neonatal characteristics. Although this study was not powered to detect differences in outcomes, the occurrence of hyperbilirubinemia needing phototherapy, symptomatic polycythemia, NICU admissions, or readmissions for phototherapy was similar between the groups. Conclusion UCM intervention was not associated with increased incidence of phototherapy or symptomatic polycythemia in term infants delivered by CS.

scholarly journals Lower Segment Cesarean Section in Second Stage of Labor: Comparison of Patwardhan Method with Conventional Pushing Method (A 3-year Study)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-265
Author(s):  
Kumudini Pradhan ◽  
Prakash Mishra ◽  
Nihar R Bhoi ◽  
Lalmohan Nayak ◽  
Mitanjali Sethy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Lower Segment ◽  
Second Stage Of Labor ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Lower Segment Cesarean Section

scholarly journals Obstetrical Problems Of Conjoined Twins

1972 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
pp. 75-77
Author(s):  
D. Ruskiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Conjoined Twins ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
Second Stage Of Labor ◽  
Second Stage

The analysis concerns 16 cases of births of conjoined twins reported in the Polish literature. Cesarean section was applied in 2 cases, while 13 cases were spontaneously delivered without destructive operations. Embryotomy was necessary in 1 case. Liveborn fetuses were 7, while 9 were stillborn; 6 were male and 10 female. The heaviest body weight amounted to 5810 g, and the lowest to 1200 g. When the diagnosis of live conjoined twins is possible before the second stage of labor, Cesarean section should be performed. Treatment during vaginal delivery depends on the ensuing conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of obesity on the outcome of pregnancy in primigravida patients: an Iraqi experience

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 815
Author(s):  
Ban Dawood Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Second Stage Of Labor ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Emergency Cesarean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Background: A parallel rise in the rate of obesity in women in reproductive age; and cesarean section as outcome of pregnancy is noticed in the last years in our society. It is unknown whether this dual rise is related or not. The impact is more evident on primigravida patients, so authors perform this study to assess the impact of obesity on the outcome of pregnancy in primigravida patients in a major obstetrics hospital.Methods: A prospective controlled study was conducted in Ibn Al-Balady obstetrics hospital. It included 121 primigravida patients who were divided into 3 groups according to WHO BMI categories: normal, overweight, and obese. The mode of delivery of these patients is recorded and was assessed in relation to BMI.Results: About 17% of the patients were obese and they needed more emergency CS as a mode of delivery than normal BMI patients (p<0.01). They also had longer second stage of labor (p<0.01) and delivered babies with higher birth weight that the normal group (p<0.05).Conclusions: Obesity constitutes a growing challenge on the outcome of pregnancy, duration of second stage of labor and baby birth weight in primigravida patients. Women who are getting pregnant for the first time should be advised to lower their BMI as a safety measure to avoid emergency cesarean section.

scholarly journals Natural and Synthetic Oxytocin—Structurally Same but Differ in Effects—A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wszołek ◽  
Karolina Chmaj-Wierzchowska ◽  
Małgorzata Pięt ◽  
Agata Tarka ◽  
Maciej Wilczak
Keyword(s):  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Labor Induction ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Second Stage Of Labor ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage Of Labor ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Synthetic Oxytocin ◽  
Umbilical Cord Vein

Abstract Purpose: synthetic oxytocin is currently used to induce labor and strengthen the contractile function in the first or second stage of labor. It is also used therapeutically and prophylactically in the third stage of labor. We aimed to correlate the dose and duration of synthetic oxytocin infusions used during induction of labor, augmentation of labor in the first and second stage of labor, and during active management of labor in the third stage of labor to the level of prolactin and cortisol in the serum of the parturient blood and from the umbilical cord vein.Methods: The mother’s blood was collected from a venous vessel and foetal from the umbilical cord vein just cutting was performed and the levels of cortisol and prolactin was evaluated by electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA). The blood sample from the umbilical cord vein and artery were collected to separate heparinized capillaries and the pH, base deficit (BD), pO2, and CO2 concentration were assessed.Results: We observed decreased level of prolactin immediately after the labor depending on the total dose of synthetic oxytocin used. We did not observe any relationship between the level of prolactin on postpartum day 2 on the dose of administered hormone or the fact of the labor induction. We observed significant correlations with regard to hormone levels without the synthetic oxytocin total dosage correlation. Conclusion: We strongly believe that the definition of uniform norms and principles with regard to the dosage of synthetic oxytocin for labor induction should be determined.

scholarly journals Role of Perineal Length Estimation in The Prediction of Maternal and Fetal Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Sabah R. H. Ahmed ◽  
Hala A. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Apgar Score ◽  
Normal Vaginal Delivery ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fetal Outcomes ◽  
Second Stage Of Labor ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Context: Female perineum is a significant part of females because perineal tears and episiotomy habitually happen in childbirth with first-time deliveries. Aim: This study aimed to explore the role of perineal length (PL) estimation in the prediction of maternal and fetal outcomes. Methods: A prospective cohort observational design used to collect data from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboring room, Kafrelsheikh General Hospital, Kafrelsheikh City, Egypt. A purposive sample of 139 parturient women recruited during the period from the first of December 2018 to the end of August 2019. Six tools used to conduct this study. Maternal and newborn characteristics questionnaire, disposable standardized paper tape for measuring PL in centimeters, a standardized scale for measuring maternal height by meters, and body weight in kilograms to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI) (k/m2), REEDA scale, partograph for labor process and Apgar score. Results: There were statistically significant differences regarding the mean age, previous episiotomy and cesarean section of both studied groups (PL less than or equal to 4 cm and more than 4 cm) at p-value <0.001. Out of 139 parturient women, the two groups of PL less than or more than 4 cm had 16.7% versus 56.9%, respectively had normal vaginal delivery, with a statistically significant difference between both groups, while 46.7% versus 6.3% respectively had an episiotomy. However, the mean duration of the second stage of labor had statistically significant differences between both studied groups, with 116.7 ± 44.3 versus 85.1 ± 42.0, respectively. Additionally; Mean birth weight/grams, cephalohematoma, caput succedaneum, and mean APGAR score after 5 minutes had a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions: Short perineum accompanied by increased duration of the second stage of labor. Cesarean section delivery and perineal trauma are associated with primigravida with short perineum. Regarding the mean APGAR score after 5 minutes, there were statistically significant differences between both studied groups. Maternity and newborn health nursing need to improve the illustration of the risk factors that can lead to undesirable consequences

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