Parental Health Beliefs as a Cause of Nonorganic Failure to Thrive

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Pugliese ◽  
Michelle Weyman-Daum ◽  
Nancy Moses ◽  
Fima Lifshitz
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Linear Growth Rate ◽  
Parental Health ◽  
Parental Health Beliefs

Parental misconceptions and health beliefs concerning what constitutes a normal diet for infants is reported as a cause for failure to thrive. There were seven patients (four boys, three girls), 7 to 22 months of age, who were evaluated for poor weight gain and linear growth. They were only consuming 60% to 94% of the recommended caloric intake for age and sex. The children's caloric intake had been restricted by their parents. They were concerned that the children would become obese, develop atherosclerosis, become junk food dependent, and/or develop eating habits that the parents believed were unhealthy. The parents instituted diets consistent with health beliefs currently in vogue and recommended by the medical community for adults who are at risk for cardiovascular disease. These diets caused the infants to experience inadequate weight gain and have a decreased linear growth rate. With nutritional counseling, all food restrictions were removed, the caloric intake was increased to 94% to 147% of the recommended intake for age. The weight gain rate increased significantly (P< .05) from 0.1 ± 0.1 kg/mo to 0.4 ± 0.3 kg/mo, and the linear growth rate increased significantly (P) from 0.4 ± 0.4 cm/mo to 1.0 ± 0.6 cm/mo within 3 months of therapy. Exaggerated concerns about excessive food intake in childhood and/or concern about the sequelae of eating an improper diet has resulted in this entity of failure to thrive due to parental health beliefs.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Growth Processes in Cattle Coats and their Relations to Coat Type and Body Weight Gain

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
HG Turner ◽  
AV Schleger
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Linear Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Processes

Hair regrown on a clipped patch of skin during each of nine intervals covering a period of 13 months was sampled, counted, and measured. Methods of estimating the rate of appearance of new hairs, the proportion of follicles with growing hairs, the duration of growing and resting phases of follicles, and linear growth rate of hairs are described. Results obtained from 70 animals are presented. Seasonal changes in the various parameters, and their roles in producing seasonal changes in coat type, are analysed and discussed. Replacement of hairs occurred continuously and amounted to slightly more than two hairs per follicle per year; rates of replacement were highest in spring and in summer. The number of growing hairs and the time for which each hair grew were much lower in summer than in autumn.

Microborings and growth in Late Ordovician halysitids and other corals

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 922-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Elias ◽  
Dong-Jin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Late Ordovician ◽  
Coral Growth ◽  
Linear Growth Rate ◽  
Skeletal Density ◽  
Rugose Coral ◽  
Endolithic Algae

Microborings in the Late Ordovician tabulate corals Catenipora rubra (a halysitid) and Manipora amicarum (a cateniform nonhalysitid) and in an epizoic solitary rugose coral differ from nearly all of those previously reported in Paleozoic corals. These microborings were formed within the coralla by endolithic algae and fungi located beneath living polyps. Comparable structures in the Late Ordovician tabulate Quepora ?agglomeratiformis (a halysitid) represent algal microborings, not spicules, and halysitids are corals, not sponges as suggested by Kaźmierczak (1989).Endolithic algae in cateniform tabulates relied primarily on light entering through the outer walls of the ranks rather than through the polyps; lacunae within coralla permitted appropriate levels of light to reach many corallites. The direction of boring was determined by corallum microstructure and possibly also by the distribution of organic matter within the skeleton. There is an apparent inverse correlation between boring activity and coral growth rate.The location and relative abundance of pyritized microborings within calcareous coralla can be established quantitatively and objectively from electron microprobe determinations of weight percent sulfur along appropriate traverses of the coral skeleton. The distribution of such microborings in Catenipora rubra and Manipora amicarum is comparable to algal banding in modern corals; this is the first report of such banding in the interiors of Paleozoic corals. Change in the intensity of boring within each corallum was evidently a response to variation in the linear growth rate of the coral, or to fluctuation in an environmental factor (perhaps light intensity) that could control both algal activity and growth rate in these corals. Change in the algal boring intensity and linear growth rate of the coral was generally but not always seasonal and usually but not invariably associated with change in the density of coral skeletal deposition.Cyclic bands of boring abundance maxima within fossil colonial corals provide a measure of annual linear growth comparable to the widely accepted method based on skeletal density bands. Algal bands are more sporadically developed than density bands within and among coralla, thus increasing the difficulty of interpretation. Fluctuations in the abundance of algal microborings apparently provide a detailed record of changes in the linear growth rate of colonies and of individuals within colonies. Combined analyses of microboring abundance and skeletal density will contribute significantly to our understanding of the biological and environmental factors involved in endolithic activity and coral growth.

scholarly journals <sup>210</sup>Pb-<sup>226</sup>Ra chronology reveals rapid growth rate of <i>Madrepora oculata</I> and <i>Lophelia pertusa</i> on world's largest cold-water coral reef

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 12247-12283
Author(s):  
P. Sabatier ◽  
J.-L. Reyss ◽  
J. M. Hall-Spencer ◽  
C. Colin ◽  
N. Frank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Linear Growth Rate ◽  
Lophelia Pertusa ◽  
Water Coral

Abstract. Here we show the use of the 210Pb-226Ra excess method to determine the growth rate of corals from one of the world's largest known cold-water coral reef, the Røst Reef off Norway. Two large branching framework-forming cold-water coral specimens, one Lophelia pertusa and one Madrepora oculata were collected alive at 350 m water depth from the Røst Reef at ~67° N and ~9° E. Pb and Ra isotopes were measured along the major growth axis of both specimens using low level alpha and gamma spectrometry and the corals trace element compositions were studied using ICP-QMS. Due to the different chemical behaviors of Pb and Ra in the marine environment, 210Pb and 226Ra were not incorporated the same way into the aragonite skeleton of those two cold-water corals. Thus to assess of the growth rates of both specimens we have here taken in consideration the exponential decrease of initially incorporated 210Pb as well as the ingrowth of 210Pb from the decay of 226Ra. Moreover a~post-depositional 210Pb incorporation is found in relation to the Mn-Fe coatings that could not be entirely removed from the oldest parts of the skeletons. The 226Ra activities in both corals were fairly constant, then assuming constant uptake of 210Pb through time the 210Pb-226Ra chronology can be applied to calculate linear growth rate. The 45.5 cm long branch of M. oculata reveals an age of 31 yr and a~linear growth rate of 14.4 ± 1.1 mm yr−1, i.e. 2.6 polyps per year. However, a correction regarding a remaining post-depositional Mn-Fe oxide coating is needed for the base of the specimen. The corrected age tend to confirm the radiocarbon derived basal age of 40 yr (using 14C bomb peak) with a mean growth rate of 2 polyps yr−1. This rate is similar to the one obtained in Aquaria experiments under optimal growth conditions. For the 80 cm-long specimen of L. pertusa a remaining contamination of metal-oxides is observed for the middle and basal part of the coral skeleton, inhibiting similar accurate age and growth rate estimates. However, the youngest branch was free of Mn enrichment and this 15 cm section reveals a growth rate of 8 mm yr−1 (~1 polyp every two to three years). However, the 210Pb growth rate estimate is within the lowermost ranges of previous growth rate estimates and may thus reflect that the coral was not developing at optimal growth conditions. Overall, 210Pb-226Ra dating can be successfully applied to determine the age and growth rate of framework-forming cold-water corals, however, removal of post-depositional Mn-Fe oxide deposits is a prerequisite. If successful, large branching M. oculata and L. pertusa coral skeletons provide unique oceanographic archive for studies of intermediate water environmentals with an up to annual time resolution and spanning over many decades.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF COLLAGEN

1958 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Gross
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Citrate Buffer ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Dermal Collagen ◽  
Low Levels

The total amount of neutral salt-extractible collagen in the skin of growing, suckling guinea pigs amounted to about 10 per cent of the total collagen of the dennis. This is roughly equivalent to a 1 to 2 day increment in dermal collagen incident to growth. Fourteen days of static weight maintained by limited caloric intake reduced the neutral salt-extractible collagen to very low levels. Following this period, 5 to 7 days of steady weight gain induced by ad lib. feeding was required to produce significant increases in this collagen fraction. Return to control levels occurred within 12 days of continuous growth. The amount of collagen extracted from the dermis of young guinea pigs with cold neutral salt solutions varied directly with growth rate (weight gain) and was greatly diminished after short periods of restricted caloric intake. Two days of fasting diminished the total extracted collagen by one-half. Three consecutive extractions with citrate buffer pH, 3.5, of the residues remaining after exhaustive saline extraction removed 40 per cent more collagen from the skins of actively growing animals than from those of animals fasted for 2 days. However, subsequent extraction of residues with dilute acetic acid equalized the total amount of collagen extracted at acid pH from the two groups. The viscosity of cold neutral extracts was unrelated to the concentrations of non-collagenous proteins and carbohydrates but varied directly with the collagen content.

scholarly journals Generation of Wave Groups by Shear Layer Instability

Fluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Grimshaw
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Group Velocity ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Linear Stability Theory ◽  
Linear Growth Rate ◽  
Wave Groups ◽  
Weakly Nonlinear ◽  
Complex Valued ◽  
Fundamental Requirement ◽  
Temporal Growth Rate

The linear stability theory of wind-wave generation is revisited with an emphasis on the generation of wave groups. The outcome is the fundamental requirement that the group move with a real-valued group velocity. This implies that both the wave frequency and the wavenumber should be complex-valued, and in turn this then leads to a growth rate in the reference frame moving with the group velocity which is in general different from the temporal growth rate. In the weakly nonlinear regime, the amplitude envelope of the wave group is governed by a forced nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The effect of the wind forcing term is to enhance modulation instability both in terms of the wave growth and in terms of the domain of instability in the modulation wavenumber space. Also, the soliton solution for the wave envelope grows in amplitude at twice the linear growth rate.

scholarly journals Wavelength dependence of the linear growth rate of the <I>E<sub>s</sub></I> layer instability

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1311-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Cosgrove
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Generalized Derivation ◽  
Wavelength Dependence ◽  
Meridional Wind ◽  
Linear Growth Rate ◽  
Significant Wavelength

Abstract. It has recently been shown, by computation of the linear growth rate, that midlatitude sporadic-E (Es) layers are subject to a large scale electrodynamic instability. This instability is a logical candidate to explain certain frontal structuring events, and polarization electric fields, which have been observed in Es layers by ionosondes, by coherent scatter radars, and by rockets. However, the original growth rate derivation assumed an infinitely thin Es layer, and therefore did not address the short wavelength cutoff. Also, the same derivation ignored the effects of F region loading, which is a significant wavelength dependent effect. Herein is given a generalized derivation that remedies both these short comings, and thereby allows a computation of the wavelength dependence of the linear growth rate, as well as computations of various threshold conditions. The wavelength dependence of the linear growth rate is compared with observed periodicities, and the role of the zeroth order meridional wind is explored. A three-dimensional paper model is used to explain the instability geometry, which has been defined formally in previous works.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Biomass and Chitin Production of Morchella Mushrooms Grown on Starch-Based Substrates

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aikaterini Papadaki ◽  
Panagiota Diamantopoulou ◽  
Seraphim Papanikolaou ◽  
Antonios Philippoussis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Linear Growth Rate ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
Polysaccharide Content ◽  
Potato Peels ◽  
Mycelium Growth Rate

Morchella sp. is one of the most expensive mushrooms with a high nutritional profile. In this study, the polysaccharide content of Morchella species was investigated. Specifically, mycelium growth rate, biomass production, sclerotia formation, and glucosamine and total polysaccharides content of six Morchella species grown on a starch-based media were evaluated. Submerged fermentations in potato dextrose broth resulted in a glucosamine content of around 3.0%. In solid-state fermentations (SSF), using potato dextrose agar, a high linear growth rate (20.6 mm/day) was determined. Increased glucosamine and total polysaccharides content were observed after the formation of sclerotia. Biomass and glucosamine content were correlated, and the equations were used for the indirect estimation of biomass in SSF with agro-industrial starch-based materials. Wheat grains (WG), potato peels (PP), and a mixture of 1:1 of them (WG–PP) were evaluated as substrates. Results showed that the highest growth rate of 9.05 mm/day was determined on WG and the maximum biomass yield (407 mg/g) on WG–PP. The total polysaccharide content reached up to 18.4% of dried biomass in WG–PP. The results of the present study proved encouraging for the efficient bioconversion of potato and other starch-based agro-industrial waste streams to morel biomass and sclerotia eliciting nutritional and bioactive value.

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