Follow-up or Weaning Formulas

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067-1067
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk

A high level of success in infant nutrition has been achieved in the United States by breast-feeding as preferred, or by feeding with iron-fortified infant formulas. Minor controversies about feeding choices occur when infants are weaned from an all liquid diet to one containing a variety of solid foods. Weaning is not a single event but a process that takes place throughout a number of months, beginning optimally between 4 and 6 months of age. The nutritional objective is to achieve a varied diet with approximately 35% to 50% of energy coming from sources other than breast milk or infant formula. Variety remains the key to the diet, particularly for infants older than 6 months of age. Solid food must provide an adequate source of iron, trace minerals, and vitamins to replace and supplement those in that portion of breast milk or formula removed from the diet. Breast milk and fortified infant formula continue to be optimal for the milk segment of the diet during the second 6 months of life. The mother may choose to stop breast-feeding for a variety of reasons, however. The Committee on Nutrition has indicated that cow's milk could be substituted in the second 6 months of age provided that (1) the amount of milk calories consumed does not exceed 65% of total calories and (2) the solid food portion of the diet replace the iron and vitamins deficient in cow's milk. Recently "follow-up" feedings (formulas) have been marketed in the United States as they have been in Europe for many years.

The Use of Whole Cow's Milk in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1105-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Iron Deficient

The pediatrician is faced with a difficult challenge in providing recommendations for optimal nutrition in older infants. Because the milk (or formula) portion of the diet represents 35% to 100% of total daily calories and because WCM and breast milk or infant formula differ markedly in composition, the selection of a milk or formula has a great impact on nutrient intake. Infants fed WCM have low intakes of iron, linoleic acid, and vitamin E, and excessive intakes of sodium, potassium, and protein, illustrating the poor nutritional compatibility of solid foods and WCM. These nutrient intakes are not optimal and may result in altered nutritional status, with the most dramatic effect on iron status. Infants fed iron-fortified formula or breast milk for the first 12 months of life generally maintain normal iron status. No studies have concluded that the introduction of WCM into the diet at 6 months of age produces adequate iron status in later infancy; however, recent studies have demonstrated that iron status is significantly impaired when WCM is introduced into the diet of 6-month-old infants. Data from studies abroad of highly iron-deficient infant populations suggest that infants fed partially modified milk formulas with supplemental iron in a highly bioavailable form (ferrous sulfate) may maintain adequate iron status. However, these studies do not address the overall nutritional adequacy of the infant's diet. Such formulas have not been studied in the United States. Optimal nutrition of the infant involves selecting the appropriate milk source and eventually introducing infant solid foods. To achieve this goal, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be fed breast milk for the first 6 to 12 months. The only acceptable alternative to breast milk is iron-fortified infant formula. Appropriate solid foods should be added between the ages of 4 and 6 months. Consumption of breast milk or iron-fortified formula, along with age-appropriate solid foods and juices, during the first 12 months of life allows for more balanced nutrition. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that whole cow's milk and low-iron formulas not be used during the first year of life.

Gastroduodenal Motility in Neonates: Response to Human Milk Compared With Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-438
Author(s):  
T. Tomomasa ◽  
P. E. Hyman ◽  
K. Itoh ◽  
J. Y. Hsu ◽  
T. Koizumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Gastroduodenal Motility

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P < .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

Levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in cow's milk and in soy bean derived infant formulas sold in the United States and other countries

Chemosphere ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 913-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Schecter ◽  
Peter Fürst ◽  
Christiane Fürst ◽  
Hans-Albert Meemken ◽  
Wilhelm Groebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins

scholarly journals Receipt of Breast Milk by Gestational Age – United States, 2017 (P11-060-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katelyn Chiang ◽  
Andrea Sharma ◽  
Jennifer Nelson ◽  
Christine Olson ◽  
Cria Perrine
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Preterm ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Extremely Preterm

Abstract Objectives Breast milk is the optimal source of infant nutrition. For the nearly 1 in 10 infants born prematurely in the United States annually, breast milk is especially beneficial, helping prevent sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and promoting neurological development. Though the importance of breast milk for preterm infants has been established, national estimates of feeding practices by gestational age are unavailable. Our objective was to describe receipt of breast milk among preterm and term infants delivered in the United States in 2017. Methods Birth certificate data from 48 states and the District of Columbia (n = 3,194,873; 82.7% of all births) were analyzed to describe receipt of breast milk before birth certificate completion among extremely preterm (20-27 weeks), early preterm (28-33 weeks), late preterm (34-36 weeks) and term infants (≥ 37 weeks) with further stratification by maternal and infant characteristics. Results The prevalence of infants receiving breast milk was 83.9% overall and varied by gestational age: 71.3% (extremely preterm), 76.0% (early preterm), 77.3% (late preterm), and 84.6% (term). Disparities in receipt of breast milk by maternal race/ethnicity were noted across gestational ages. Infants delivered to black or American Indian/Alaska Native mothers were the least likely to have received breast milk while those delivered to white, Hispanic, and Asian mothers were more likely to have received breast milk. Differences in receipt of breast milk by other maternal sociodemographic factors also persisted similarly across gestational ages. Among late preterm and term infants, receipt of breast milk was lower for those admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) than those not admitted to the NICU. Conclusions Fewer preterm than term infants received breast milk in the first few days of life. Optimal hospital policies and practices that support breast milk feeding and ensure availability of donor milk for high-risk infants may help improve infant nutrition and reduce infant morbidity and mortality. Mothers of infants admitted to the NICU may need additional support given the challenges associated with having a medically fragile infant such as mother-infant separation and extended infant hospitalization. Funding Sources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education.

Perfluorinated Compounds in Human Breast Milk from Several Asian Countries, and in Infant Formula and Dairy Milk from the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (22) ◽  
pp. 8597-8602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Tao ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Tatsuya Kunisue ◽  
E. Laurence Libelo ◽  
Shinsuke Tanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
The United States ◽  
Perfluorinated Compounds ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Dairy Milk

Breast-Feeding or Infant Formula Should Be Continued for 12 Months

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 984-985
Author(s):  
CALVIN WOODRUFF
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Blood Loss ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Occult Blood ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Hemoccult Test

To the Editor.— The age at which the feeding of fresh homogenized cow's milk can produce occult blood loss has not been determined. The most recent study1 suggests that iron-replete infants fed less than 1 L/day are susceptible when less than age 140 days but not between 140 and 196 days (4.7 to 6.5 months). This study used the Hemoccult test, a relatively insensitive test for blood in the stool. A review of the feeding histories of 12 infants previously reported22 and four studied subsequently who had evidence of iron deficiency anemia associated with the ingestion of large amounts of fresh homogenized cow's milk (1 to 2 L daily) showed that eight of the 16 infants hed received infant formula with or without iron for at least 6 months, and four others for at least 3 months.

Breast-Feeding: Second Thoughts

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-764
Author(s):  
John W. Gerrard
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Protection Against Infection ◽  
Breast Fed

A number of studies have shown that breast-feeding not only supplies the infant with nourishment but gives him immunologic protection against infection as well. Breast-fed infants are less likely to develop respiratory and gastrointestinal infections and allergic reactions. Infants slowly develop their own immunologic defenses in the months after birth, and breast-feeding is a hygienic, gradual method of protection during the transition to immunologic independence. Best protection is achieved when the infant receives breast milk alone for, at least, the first six months of life. Pediatricians should be aware that this is particularly important in areas where contamination of cow's milk and other foods is likely and where medical facilities are inadequate.

I.B.C.L.C

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-149
Author(s):  
ARNOLD L. TANIS ◽  
ALLAN B. COLEMAN ◽  
LEON GROSS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lactation Consultant ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics

To the Editor.— With the increased emphasis by the American Academy of Pediatrics on infant nutrition, and especially on fostering breast-feeding, the availability of trained and credentialled persons to advise and support breast-feeding mothers and to assist pediatricians in this endeavor must be noted. The International Board of Lactation Consultant Examiners, Inc. (IBLCE) completed its fifth annual examination cycle in July, 1989. To date, 1231 candidates have been certified worldwide with more than 80% in the United States and Canada.

scholarly journals Safety of Cow's Milk-Derived Fortifiers used with an All Human Milk Base Diet in Very Low Birthweight Preterm Infants: Part II

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Alan Lucas ◽  
Maushumi Assad ◽  
Jan Sherman ◽  
John Boscardin ◽  
Steven Abrams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Very Low Birthweight ◽  
Vlbw Infants ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Morbidity Index

Recently we published a meta-analyses of morbidity seen with the use of cow’s milk derived fortifier (CMDF) rather than human milk derived fortifier (HMDF) in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants. Here, we further analyse these data to estimate the annual population risk of CMDF-related major morbidity in the United States and Canada. The outcome used was a mortality/morbidity index which was positive if the infants had one or more of death, necrotising enterocolitis, sepsis retinopathy of prematurity or broncho- pulmonary dysplasia. Using the risk difference (RD) between the CMDF and HMDF groups we estimated, provisionally, that 4150 additional VLBW infants in the United States and Canada each year, or an additional infant approximately every 2 hours, may be expected to develop a positive mortality/morbidity index in relation to being fed CMDF – over and above the number of infants with a positive index if fed HMDF. We provide an in-depth discussion of the limitations of our estimate. This analysis provides preliminary evidence of the magnitude of population risk of major neonatal morbidity with use of CMDF versus HMDF in VLBW infants in current practice.

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