Perfluorinated Compounds in Human Breast Milk from Several Asian Countries, and in Infant Formula and Dairy Milk from the United States

Widespread contamination of human breast milk with chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides has been repeatedly documented in population surveys in the United States and Canada over the past two decades. Unfortunately, it was not until the most recently published assessments that a strong effort has been made to apply proper biostatistical sampling methodologies to such surveys. This deficiency, along with frequent omission of information on variables known to affect the levels of such contaminants in breast milk, makes precise historical comparisons difficult. Given these uncertainties, it appears that organochlorine insecticide residues in human breast milk have not noticeably changed over the past two decades in the United States despite the regulatory restriction placed on several of these substances, such as DDT, since 1970. The surveys have revealed that total DDT levels continue to approach and exceed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) level recommended by WHO. Perhaps of greatest concern is the ubiquitous contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of breast milk, with levels of the upper 30% of the population being within a factor of 10 of those levels producing adverse health effects in humans and monkeys. The carcinogenic risk assessment for consumption of PCB-contaminated breast milk is also discussed.

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Levels of polychlorinated dibenzofurans, dibenzodioxins, PCBS, DDT and DDE, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexanes and oxychlordane in human breast milk from the United States, Thailand, Vietnam, and Germany

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/0045-6535(89)90154-9 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 18 (1-6) ◽

pp. 445-454 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Arnold Schecter ◽

Peter Fürst ◽

Christiane Krüger ◽

Hans-Albert Meemken ◽

Wilhelm Groebel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Breast Milk ◽

The United States ◽

Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast

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Levels of Trace Elements in Human Breast Milk in Jordan: a Comparison with Infant Formula Milk Powder

Biological Trace Element Research ◽

10.1007/s12011-020-02547-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yahya R. Tahboub ◽

Adnan M. Massadeh ◽

Nihaya A. Al-sheyab ◽

Diab El shrafat ◽

Israa A. Nsserat

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Milk Powder ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Formula Milk ◽

Infant Formula Milk

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Health Risks in Infants Associated with Exposure to Perfluorinated Compounds in Human Breast Milk from Zhoushan, China

Environmental Science & Technology ◽

10.1021/es060031f ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 40 (9) ◽

pp. 2924-2929 ◽

Cited By ~ 202

Author(s):

Man Ka So ◽

Nobuyoshi Yamashita ◽

Sachi Taniyasu ◽

Qinting Jiang ◽

John P. Giesy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Health Risks ◽

Perfluorinated Compounds ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast

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Occurrence of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) in human breast milk from three Asian countries

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.298 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 655 ◽

pp. 1081-1088 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Joon-Woo Kim ◽

Kwang-Hyeon Chang ◽

Maricar Prudente ◽

Pham Hung Viet ◽

Shin Takahashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Human Breast

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Persistent organic pollutants in human breast milk from Asian countries

Environmental Pollution ◽

10.1016/j.envpol.2006.07.003 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 146 (2) ◽

pp. 400-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Shinsuke Tanabe ◽

Tatsuya Kunisue

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Organic Pollutants ◽

Persistent Organic Pollutants ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Human Breast

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Nano-HPLC-HRMS Analysis to Evaluate Leptin Level in Milk Samples: A Pilot Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10176135 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (17) ◽

pp. 6135

Author(s):

Federica Dal Bello ◽

Enrica Mecarelli ◽

Daniela Gastaldi ◽

Francesco Savino ◽

Claudio Medana

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Analytical Method ◽

Critical Role ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Limit Of Quantitation

Leptin is a 16 kDa lipophilic protein hormone secreted by adipocytes and its most significant function is to inform the brain with negative feedback that regulates food intake. Recently the protein found in human breast milk was related to breast feeding and onset of obesity, and the evidence of a low probability to develop pediatric obesity in children fed with breast milk was also confirmed. Since leptin could have a critical role, its quantitation both in human breast, bovine milk and in infant formula products is interesting. For this reason, we developed an analytical method based on immunoaffinity purification followed by an analysis with nano-High Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry analyzer (nano-HPLC-HRMS) to identify and quantify leptin in milk samples and performed a pilot study using samples of human breast milk, bovine milk and infant formulas. With an obtained lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 100 ng mL−1 we quantified leptin in human breast milk finding an average of 6.70 ng mL−1. Our results show that leptin was under LLOQ both in bovine milk and in infant formula products. In conclusion, the developed analytical method here described was suitable to quantify leptin in milk samples with a good sensitivity and selectivity, and without the use of radioactive reagents.

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