Breast-Feeding Intentions and Practice Among Hispanic Mothers in Southern California

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 626-632
Author(s):  
Eunice Romero-Gwynn ◽  
Lucia Carias
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Southern California ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Hispanic Mothers ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
At Home

Breast-feeding intentions, breast-feeding in the hospital, and breast-feeding at home were studied among 132 Hispanic mothers participating in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in southern California. There was not a large difference between total breast-feeding intention (77.7%) and total breast-feeding practice (63.8%). However, the 67.7% intention of exclusive breast-feeding drastically decreased to 19.7% and 17.2% in the hospital and at home, respectively. Formula supplementation increased by 4.5 times from intention to practice. Exclusive formula feeding increased from 10.0% to approximately 37.0% in the hospital and at home. Stepwise logistic regression identified that the likelihood of intending breast-feeding was greater for mothers who migrated from Mexico than for mothers born in the United States (odds ratio 4.75). The likelihood of breast-feeding practice was greater for mothers who initiated breast-feeding within the first 10 hours after birth as opposed to 11 or more hours (odds ratio 1.27), for mothers who had a vaginal rather than cesarean delivery (odds ratio 12.76), for mothers who did not return to work postpartum as opposed to working mothers (odds ratio 28.26), and for mothers who migrated from Mexico compared with mothers born in the United States (odds ratio 8.54). The importance of assessing and supporting mothers' breast-feeding intentions in the pre- and postpartum period is documented. Training in the clinical aspects of breast-feeding and improvement of hospital protocols is recommended. Mothers intending to breast- feed should be identified and supported.

Recent Declines in Breast-Feeding in the United States, 1984 Through 1989

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Ryan ◽  
David Rush ◽  
Fritz W. Krieger ◽  
Gregory E. Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
College Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Supplemental Food ◽  
White Ethnicity ◽  
Breast Feed

Ongoing surveys performed by Ross Laboratories demonstrate recent declines both in the initiation of breast-feeding and continued breast-feeding at 6 months of age. Comparing rates in 1984 and 1989, the initiation of breast-feeding declined approximately 13% (from 59.7% to 52.2%), and there was a 24% decline in the rate of breast-feeding at 6 months of age (from 23.8% to 18.1%). The decline in breast-feeding was seen across all groups studied but was greater in some groups than in others. Logistic regression analysis indicates that white ethnicity, some college education, increased maternal age, and having an infant of normal birth weight were all positively associated with the likelihood of both initiating breast-feeding and continuing to breast-feed to at least 6 months of age. Women who were black and who were younger, no more than high school educated, enrolled in the Women, Infants and Children supplemental food program, working outside the home, not living in the western states, and who had an infant of low birth weight were less likely either to initiate breast-feeding or to be nursing when their children were 6 months of age. The factors influencing the decline in breast-feeding were not uniform. There were fewer sociodemograpahic factors associated with the decline in the initiation of breast-feeding than in the decline in prolonged breast-feeding. While the disparity between older and younger mothers in initiating breast-feeding increased, there was an offsetting trend as the disparity associated with parity decreased. The only other significantly changed relationship for initiation of breast-feeding was that the disparity associated with higher income increased significantly: the decline in the rates of breast-feeding among the less affluent was greater than among the more affluent. Many more sociodemographic factors were significantly associated with declines in breast-feeding at 6 months of age. The disparity between those mothers not employed and those employed increased (from an odds ratio of 1.65 in 1984 to 2.43 in 1989). The disparities associated with age and parity both increased over time: the rate of breast-feeding declined more steeply among younger and primiparous mothers than among older and multiparous mothers. Similarly, the declines were greater among those enrolled in the Women, Infants and Children program (compared with those not enrolled), those with less than a college education (compared with some college education), and those not residing in the western region of the United States (compared with those residing in the West). Educational efforts to promote breast-feeding are needed for all pregnant women and should be particularly directed toward the groups who have experienced the most rapid recent decline in the rates of breast-feeding.

Breast-Feeding Trends: A Cause for Action

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-868
Author(s):  
RUTH A. LAWRENCE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Surgeon General ◽  
Human Lactation ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
The Many ◽  
National Effort

Breast-feeding in the United States reached a peak in 1982 after suffering an abysmal decline in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s which followed the introduction of the many conveniences afforded by infant formulas. Much effort, energy, and enthusiasm has been poured into the encouragement of women to breast-feed their infants for at least the first 6 months. In 1984, C. Everett Koop, MD, Surgeon General of the United States, said, "We must identify and reduce the barriers that keep women from beginning or continuing to breast-feed their infants."1 A major national effort followed the Surgeon General's Workshop on Breast-feeding and Human Lactation in 1984.2

Incidence of Breast-Feeding in a Low Socioeconomic Group of Mothers in the United States: Ethnic Patterns

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-137
Author(s):  
David K. Rassin ◽  
C. Joan Richardson ◽  
Tom Baranowski ◽  
Philip R. Nader ◽  
Nancy Guenther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Study Population

Breast-feeding has been shown to have increased in incidence during recent years in the United States. However, this increase is not particularly evident in lower socioeconomic groups. Factors associated with the decision to breast-feed or not were investigated in a population of 379 mothers. Self-completed questionnaires were obtained from 94.5% of these mothers. Data with respect to demographics, reproductive history, prenatal care, and education were collected. Only 27.2% of the study population indicated that they intended to breastfeed. Using the x2 test for equality of proportions, marital status, head of household, maternal and paternal ethnicity, maternal education, income, and number of pregnancy were found to be the most important variables associated with breast-feeding. The effect of ethnicity predominated over that of the other demographic variables when they were examined jointly within ethnic groups. The effect of ethnicity was apparent when the number of each ethnic group in the study population was compared with the percent of that group that intended to breast-feed: 145 Anglo-Americans, 43.5% breast-feeding; 131 black Americans, 9.2%; 62 Mexican Americans, 22.6%; 19 others, 42.1%. The importance of ethnicity in the decision to breast-feed has probably been underestimated. Efforts to increase breast-feeding in the United States ought to be designed with full consideration of this factor.

Birthing, Breast-Feeding, and Reproductive Politics

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rickie Solinger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reproductive Politics ◽  
American Women ◽  
United States Today ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Twilight Sleep ◽  
At Home

In what settings are babies born in the United States today? In 1900 more than 95 percent of American women gave birth at home. Fourteen years later, anesthesia, or “twilight sleep,” was first used to dull labor pains, accelerating over time the transition of...

Care of the Newly Born Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-449
Author(s):  
WILLIAM A. SILVERMAN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Duty ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
Born Infant ◽  
Maternity Hospitals ◽  
At Home

This book is addressed principally to midwives and family doctors involved in the care of newborn infants born at home and maternity hospitals in Great Britain. Many terms (e.g., "posseting," "breaking wind," etc.) and proprietary names (e.g., "Lethidrone," "Belcory Feeder," "Jacques Catheter," etc.) are probably unfamiliar to most readers in the United States. American pediatricians will be interested in the profusion of photographs (many in color) illustrating neonatal conditions and in the detailed discussion of every aspect of the technique of breast feeding. If the breasts of American mothers are ever called back to active duty, one could turn to this volume for useful information of the lost art.

INTRODUCTION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-590
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Breast Feed

This report focuses on the recent scientific literature concerning infant feeding worldwide. The first four papers examine infant-feeding practices in the United States; the last five papers focus on such practices in developing countries. DOMESTIC REPORT The domestic section of the report examines the available literature from industrialized countries that may be relevant to the United States' situation. In brief, the findings of the domestic report are that the evidence is generally inconclusive that breast-feeding has a large, positive effect on infant health in the United States. Modest protective effects may exist with regard to gastroenteritis. The evidence is somewhat stronger among American Indian and Alaskan native populations in which risk of infant morbidity and mortality is high. Little information exists on the effects in disadvantaged urban groups. The available evidence concerning trends in infant-feeding practices indicates that the rate and duration of breast-feeding are increasing, especially among the more affluent groups. The evidence is less clear among the disadvantaged. In general, lower socioeconomic groups are less likely to breast-feed. INTERNATIONAL REPORT The international section of the report examines some of the central issues regarding methods of infant feeding in the developing world and discusses the implications of the findings. In developing countries, where infant mortality is much higher than in the United States, the potential for breast-feeding to be an important determinant of infant survival is much greater. Sanitation is likely to be poorer; traditional foods offered in lieu of breast milk are likely to be nutritionally deficient; and commercial formula—if available and used—is more likely to be inappropriately diluted and stored.

Armed Violence in the Ideology of Contemporary Islamic Fundamentalism - Study models

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Laith Mzahim Khudair Kazem
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic Fundamentalism ◽  
Islamic Movements ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Armed Violence ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
At Home

The armed violence of many radical Islamic movements is one of the most important means to achieve the goals and objectives of these movements. These movements have legitimized and legitimized these violent practices and constructed justification ideologies in order to justify their use for them both at home against governments or against the other Religiously, intellectually and even culturally, or abroad against countries that call them the term "unbelievers", especially the United States of America.

REVISITING CONTEMPORARY HOMESCHOOLING: THE CASE OF THE UNITED STATES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Zamir
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
American States ◽  
At Home

The term “homeschooling” denotes the process of educating, instructing, and tutoring children by parents at home instead of having this done by professional teachers in formal settings. Although regulation and court rulings vary from one state to another, homeschooling is legal in all fifty American states. Contrary to the growing tendency of parents in the United States to move toward homeschooling in 1999-2012, the rate of homeschooling and the population of those educated in this manner appear to have leveled off in 2012–2016. This paper aims to explain both phenomena and asks whether a trend is at hand.

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