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2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 133-159
Author(s):  
Filip Kubiaczyk

The paper analyses the relationships between the teams and supporters of FC Barcelona and RCD Espanyol Barcelona, in which the dispute concerning Catalanness has been and remains the foremost issue. FC Barcelona is widely considered an ambassador of Catalonia, a symbol of Catalanness and the epitome of Catalanism as embodied through football. Espanyol, its local rival, has to face allegations of being a non-Catalan club, or an outgrowth of Real Madrid in Barcelona. While Barça is the club in which one “does politics” and with which one creates Catalonia (fer Catalunya), it is emphasized that Espanyol and its supporters are not involved in politics and the Catalan national effort. A perennial feud continues between the boards and fans of both clubs; historical, identity-related and ethnic arguments are invoked to demonstrate the Catalanness of one side (FC Barcelona) and its incompleteness or even utter absence in the other (RCD Espanyol). The analysis conducted in the paper shows that FC Barcelona’s exclusive Catalanness and right to represent Catalonia is a historical and social fact, but it has been challenged recently by Espanyol through the Catalanization the club undertook in mid-1990s and a series of public campaigns to undermine the hegemony of Barça in the city and the region. Espanyol is the active side in the contest to overcome FC Barcelona’s monopoly on representing Catalonia, while Barcelona itself focuses on retaining its previous status. The study demonstrates that both clubs are in fact polysemous, which means that Espanyol has supporters who feel first and foremost Catalans and espouse Catalan independence, while avowed opponents of the same idea can be found among the supporters of the Blaugrana, although the club is primarily Spanish and not only Catalan.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Harvey L. Levy

Classic homocystinuria (HCU) was added to newborn screening (NBS) by Robert Guthrie a few years after the disorder was first described. The justification for NBS was similar to that for PKU, that presymptomatic identification and early dietary treatment would prevent the clinical consequences, which, for HCU, are mental deficiency, ectopia lentis, skeletal abnormalities, and thromboembolism. It was assumed that identifying increased methionine in the screening blood specimen would identify all affected neonates. However, it is now clear that many with HCU are missed by NBS, mainly because the methionine level in the first days of life is normal or below the cutoff level in the NBS program. This includes virtually all of those with B6-responsive HCU. Thus, a more effective method of NBS for HCU should be considered. Included among the possibilities are decreasing the methionine cutoff level, requiring an increase in the Met/Phe ratio if the methionine level is not at or greater than the cutoff level, using methionine as the primary screen with homocysteine as a second-tier test, or replacing methionine with homocysteine as the primary screen. Homocysteine is the primary metabolite that increases in HCU, while the methionine increase is secondary, so homocysteine is usually increased before the increase in methionine, almost always during the first few days of life. Finally, targeted gene screening might be considered. All of these possibilities would impose added expense and labor to NBS, so meeting these challenges would likely require a regional or national effort.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Spicksley ◽  
Alison Kington ◽  
Maxine Watkins

In March 2020, schools in England were closed to all but vulnerable children and the children of key workers, as part of a national effort to curb the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Many teachers were required to work from home as remote learning was implemented. Teaching is primarily a relational profession, and previous literature acknowledges that supportive relationships with peers help to maintain teachers' resilience and commitment during challenging periods. This paper reports on findings from a small-scale study conducted in England during the first national lockdown beginning in March 2020, which explored the impact of the requirement to teach remotely on teachers' identity and peer relationships. A discourse analysis, informed by the aims and practices of discursive psychology, was conducted in order to explore the association between constructions of peer support and responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. Findings indicate that teachers who presented their professional self-identity as collective rather than personal appeared to have a more positive perspective on the difficulties caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. These findings, which have implications for policymakers and school leaders, contribute to the growing field of research on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on education by showing the strong association between teachers' constructions of identity and their capacity to respond positively to the challenges brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-154
Author(s):  
Joko Prayitno ◽  
Rahmania Admirasari Darmawan ◽  
Joko Prayitno Susanto ◽  
Rudi Nugroho

Review of Virus Inactivation Technologies for Covid-19 Pandemic Control SARS-CoV-2 virus inactivation is one of global concerns in alleviating the spread of Covid-19. The applications of virus inactivation technologies are mainly based on the knowledge of virus characteristics, its persistence on material surfaces, and environmental factors impairing its structure. Current virus inactivation methods are mostly employing chemicals dan physical treatments such as hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite solutions, and UV light. In this paper, we discuss three current virus inactivation technologies for reducing the spread of Covid-19, i.e., room disinfection, surface disinfection, and personal protective equipment (PPE) decontamination technology. Room disinfection technology, particularly room with poor ventilation or closed air circulation, employs the combination of UV light treatment with filters. Surface disinfection technologies utilize the spraying or fogging of disinfectant solutions, and PPE decontamination technologies utilize UV light or chemical treatments to inactivate the virus. Further development and application of these technologies will help the national effort in controlling the spread of Covid-19. Inaktivasi virus SARS-CoV-2 merupakan salah satu upaya global untuk mengurangi penyebaran Covid-19. Aplikasi teknologi inaktivasi virus ini banyak bersandar pada pengetahuan mengenai karakteristik dan daya tahan virus ini pada permukaan benda dan hal-hal yang merusak struktur virus tersebut. Metode inaktivasi virus yang banyak digunakan adalah perlakuan dengan bahan kimia dan perlakuan secara fisik yaitu dengan menggunakan larutan disinfektan hidrogen peroksida, larutan hipoklorit dan sinar UV. Dalam tulisan ini, peluang aplikasi teknologi inaktivasi virus SARS-CoV-2 yang dibahas adalah teknologi disinfeksi ruangan, disinfeksi permukaan benda dan dekontaminasi alat pelindung diri. Teknologi disinfeksi ruangan khususnya pada ruangan tertutup dengan ventilasi yang kurang baik atau resirkulasi udara tertutup adalah dengan menggunakan kombinasi perlakuan sinar UV dengan filter. Teknologi disinfeksi permukaan benda menggunakan teknik penyemprotan atau pengkabutan larutan disinfektan, sedangkan teknologi dekontaminasi alat pelindung diri dilakukan dengan perlakuan sinar UV atau dengan bahan kimia. Pengembangan dan aplikasi lanjut dari teknologi inaktivasi virus ini akan membantu upaya nasional dalam penanggulangan penyebaran Covid-19.


2020 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Manit K. Gundavda ◽  
Purvish Parikh

Has the Indian public’s disregard for COVID-19 pandemic-related government recommendations undone the good work done so far? While happy with national unlocking and returning to routine activities, most of us have grown complacent in our duties in following currently existing guidelines for containing the pandemic. No government or health-care professional can enforce following mandatory practices to contain the pandemic – including simple and fundamental aspects such as good hand hygiene, physical distancing, and use of face masks. Regular and diligent use of face masks is not only required by law but is also vital to the national effort to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. All concerns and objections to the regular use of face masks are illogical, irrational, and fade into oblivion when compared to the proven benefits of using them. Every citizen should understand that following these guidelines mandated by law are vital to save yourself, your immediate family, your friends, and also the community at large. Those who do not follow them (especially when in a government office or health-care facility) are committing the dual crime akin to suicide and murder.


2020 ◽  
pp. 117-132
Author(s):  
Russell Crandall

This chapter stresses how illicit drugs were difficult to obtain in America and were often heavily diluted by the early 1940s. It illustrates the conditions that limited the supply of drugs in the Unites States, such as the massive diversion of resources toward a single national effort, the militarization of almost every major sea passage, an extremely limited supply of private aircraft and navigable international airspace. It also recounts how cannabis became a potent fuel for the countercultural awakening that began to spread across the nation after the war. The chapter focuses on the term “psychedelic drugs,” which is generally taken to mean a class of substance that primarily affects cognition and perception. It identifies how psychedelic alkaloids such as psilocybin, LSD, DMT, and mescaline bind to serotonin receptors thought to regulate sensory input and interpretation.


Author(s):  
Alison Abraham ◽  
Doreen Gille ◽  
Milo A Puhan ◽  
Gerben ter Riet ◽  
Viktor von Wyl ◽  
...  

Abstract Only a few efforts have been made to define competencies for epidemiologists working in academic settings. Here we describe a multi-national effort to define competencies for epidemiologists who are increasingly facing emerging and potentially disruptive technological and societal health trends in academic research. During a 1,5 years period, we followed an iterative process that aimed to be inclusive and multi-national to reflect the various perspectives of the diverse group of epidemiologists. Competencies were developed by a consortium in a consensus-oriented process that spanned three main activities: two in-person interactive meetings in Amsterdam and Zurich and an online survey. In total, 93 meeting participants from 16 countries and 173 respondents from 19 countries contributed to the development of 31 competencies. These 31 competencies included 14 on “Developing a scientific question” and “Study planning”, 12 on “Study conduct & analysis”, 3 on “Overarching competencies” and 2 competencies on “Communication and translation”. The process described here provides a consensus-based framework for defining and adapting the field. It should initiate a continuous process of thinking about competencies and the implications for teaching epidemiology to ensure that epidemiologists working in academic settings are well prepared for today’s and tomorrow’s health research.


2020 ◽  
pp. 152-179
Author(s):  
Alex Dowdall

Chapter 5 examines the importance of food for survival at the front. The urban battlefields at the Western Front experienced particularly acute problems of food supply. This chapter explores why this was so, and the solutions implemented. But it also moves beyond bureaucratic measures, to consider the meanings attributed to shortages on both sides of the lines. In wartime, food was a key issue that tested both the state’s ability to manage limited resources equitably, and peoples’ willingness to endure sacrifices and shortages for the national effort. In France as a whole, popular debates around food supply centred on what could be considered acceptable levels of sacrifice. But near the front on the Allied side, civilians developed a localized moral economy structured around their experiences of military violence. They demanded that the state acknowledge their additional suffering under fire by granting them additional entitlements in terms of rationing, and acting swiftly to root out hoarding and speculation. Civilians on the occupied side could not make such demands, especially in a context where food supplies were tightly controlled by the Commission for Relief in Belgium and the German Army. Here, food supply was necessary for material survival; but those involved in supply risked moral reproach for the contacts they were required to nurture with the German authorities. Here, the context of occupation shaped attitudes towards food supply, and public officials and private citizens were judged harshly for perceived indiscretions in their dealings with the occupiers.


2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (15) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
Valerie A. Canady
Keyword(s):  

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mhairi Coyle ◽  
Ross Morrison ◽  
Rebekka Artz ◽  
Jagadeesh Yeluripati ◽  
Gillian Donaldson-Selby

<p>Greenhouse gas emissions from damaged peatlands in the UK contribute around 5% to the annual national UK emissions. This has prompted a large national effort to restore these ecosystems as part of the package of action that aims to deliver net zero by 2050 in the UK and 2045 in Scotland. Eroded peatlands cover an estimated 275kha in Scotland, yet continuous monitoring data on the carbon losses from such sites are very sparse, in part due to the challenge in instrumenting such remote and complex terrain with eddy covariance equipment. We present a full, pre-restoration, 18-month data series of carbon dioxide and energy budget from a typical Scottish eroded peatland and show initial data that suggests sensitivity of the sign of the net annual CO2 budget to interannual climate variability.</p>


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