FAXING—150 YEARS OLD!

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. A30-A30
Author(s):  
J. F. L.
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Success ◽  
150Th Anniversary ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Essential Tool ◽  
Metal Plates

Although the office fax machine has only become popular in the past decade, this year sees its 150th anniversary. It was patented on 27 May 1843, 30 years even before the telephone. But whereas the telephone quickly established itself as an essential tool for business, commercial success has been much longer coming for a machine that could transmit pictures and documents, within seconds, from one office to another. The inventor of the idea was Alexander Bain, who was born in 1810. Bain, a Scotsman from a remote croft in Caithness, is reputed to have performed his early experiments using cattle jawbones for hinges, heather for springs and metal plates buried in the earth for batteries. He was apprenticed to a clockmaker in Wick and invented the first electric clock, which used electromagnetism to pull a pendulum from side to side. He then moved to London and patented his fax machine.

The Origin of the Moon and its Relationship to the Origin of the Solar System

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold C. Urey
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

During the last 10 years, the writer has presented evidence indicating that the Moon was captured by the Earth and that the large collisions with its surface occurred within a surprisingly short period of time. These observations have been a continuous preoccupation during the past years and some explanation that seemed physically possible and reasonably probable has been sought.

scholarly journals Calibration of Radiocarbon Dates for the Late Pleistocene Using U/Th Dates on Stalagmites

Radiocarbon ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Vogel ◽  
Joel Kronfeld
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Magnetic Dipole ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Calibration Curve ◽  
Dipole Field ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Magnetic Dipole Field

Twenty paired 14C and U/Th dates covering most of the past 50,000 yr have been obtained on a stalagmite from the Cango Caves in South Africa as well as some additional age-pairs on two stalagmites from Tasmania that partially fill a gap between 7 ka and 17 ka ago. After allowance is made for the initial apparent 14C ages, the age-pairs between 7 ka and 20 ka show satisfactory agreement with the coral data of Bard et al. (1990, 1993). The results for the Cango stalagmite between 25 ka and 50 ka show the 14C dates to be substantially younger than the U/Th dates except at 49 ka and 29 ka, where near correspondence occurs. The discrepancies may be explained by variations in 14C production caused by changes in the magnetic dipole field of the Earth. A tentative calibration curve for this period is offered.

Plant leaf recognition with shallow and deep learning: A comprehensive study

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1311-1328
Author(s):  
Jozsef Suto
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Plant Leaf ◽  
Leaf Characteristics ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Test Sets ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Nowadays there are hundreds of thousands known plant species on the Earth and many are still unknown yet. The process of plant classification can be performed using different ways but the most popular approach is based on plant leaf characteristics. Most types of plants have unique leaf characteristics such as shape, color, and texture. Since machine learning and vision considerably developed in the past decade, automatic plant species (or leaf) recognition has become possible. Recently, the automated leaf classification is a standalone research area inside machine learning and several shallow and deep methods were proposed to recognize leaf types. From 2007 to present days several research papers have been published in this topic. In older studies the classifier was a shallow method while in current works many researchers applied deep networks for classification. During the overview of plant leaf classification literature, we found an interesting deficiency (lack of hyper-parameter search) and a key difference between studies (different test sets). This work gives an overall review about the efficiency of shallow and deep methods under different test conditions. It can be a basis to further research.

scholarly journals Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (33) ◽  
pp. 8252-8259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Steffen ◽  
Johan Rockström ◽  
Katherine Richardson ◽  
Timothy M. Lenton ◽  
Carl Folke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Earth System ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Potential Threshold

We explore the risk that self-reinforcing feedbacks could push the Earth System toward a planetary threshold that, if crossed, could prevent stabilization of the climate at intermediate temperature rises and cause continued warming on a “Hothouse Earth” pathway even as human emissions are reduced. Crossing the threshold would lead to a much higher global average temperature than any interglacial in the past 1.2 million years and to sea levels significantly higher than at any time in the Holocene. We examine the evidence that such a threshold might exist and where it might be. If the threshold is crossed, the resulting trajectory would likely cause serious disruptions to ecosystems, society, and economies. Collective human action is required to steer the Earth System away from a potential threshold and stabilize it in a habitable interglacial-like state. Such action entails stewardship of the entire Earth System—biosphere, climate, and societies—and could include decarbonization of the global economy, enhancement of biosphere carbon sinks, behavioral changes, technological innovations, new governance arrangements, and transformed social values.

Whither democracy? Religion, politics and Islam

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Dallmayr
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Christian Right ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
Democratic Character

The question raised by the article is: can democracy be religious and, if so, how? Can religious faith be reconciled with modern democratic political institutions? The article takes its departure from the biblical admonition to believers to be ‘the salt of the earth’ — a phrase that militates against both world dominion and world denial. In its long history, Islam (like Christianity) has been sorely tempted by the lure of worldly power and domination. Nor is this temptation entirely a matter of the past (witness the rise of the Christian right and of ‘political Islam’ in our time). Focusing on contemporary Iran, the article makes a constitutional proposal which would strengthen the democratic character of the Iranian Republic without canceling religious faith. If adopted, the proposal would reinvigorate the ‘salt’ of Muslim faith thus enabling believers to live up to the Qur‘anic summons for freedom, justice and service in the world.

Obituary notices of fellows deceased

1877 ◽  
Vol 25 (171-178) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Past History ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Reign Of Terror ◽  
Accurate Observation

George Poulett Scrope. It is scarcely possible at the present day to realize the conditions of that intellectual “reign of terror” which prevailed at the commencement of the present century, as the consequence of the unreasoning prejudice and wild alarm excited by the early progress of geological inquiry. At that period, every attempt to explain the past history of the earth by a reference to the causes still in operation upon it was met, not by argument, but by charges of atheism against its propounder; and thus Hutton’s masterly fragment of a ‘Theory of the Earth,’ Playfair’s persuasive‘ Illustrations,’ and Hall’s records of accurate observation and ingenious experiment had come to be inscribed m a social Index Expurgatorius ,and for a while, indeed, might have seemed to be consigned to total oblivion. Equally injurious suspicions were aroused against the geologist who dared to make allusion to the important part which igneous forces have undoubtedly played in the formation of certain rocks; for the authority of Werner had acquired an almost sacred cha­racter; and “ Vulcanists ” and “ Huttonians ” were equally objects of aversion and contempt. To two men who have very recently—and within a few months of one another—passed away from our midst, science is indebted for boldly en­countering and successfully overcoming this storm of prejudice. Hutton and his friends lived a generation too soon ; and thus it was reserved tor Lyell and Scrope to carry out the task which the great Scotch philosopher had failed to accomplish, namely, the removal of geology from the domain of speculation to that of inductive science.

The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
A. S. Goudie ◽  
B. L. Turner II ◽  
W. C. Clark ◽  
R. W. Kates ◽  
J. F. Richards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Action ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Past 300 Years
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