Chronic Pain

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 167-190
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychological Disorder ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Recurrent Pain ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Learned Behaviors ◽  
As Stress ◽  
A Current

Chronic pain is very common, but poorly understood in Children. Both physical and subjective factors, such as stress, depression, anxiety, and learned behaviors, affect pain perception. Pain can be classified as acute, chronic, and recurrent, each varying in the proportion of these factors present. Acute pain is brief and has the largest physical component, warning the body of immediate danger. Chronic pain is longer and presents either with a current physical source or after its apparent healing. Chronic pain perception involves fewer physical factors and more subjective factors. Recurrent pain syndromes, commonly headache and abdominal and limb pains, are painful and without apparent physical cause; however, they do not always imply a psychological disorder.

Energy Medicine and Gastrointestinal Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 293-306
Author(s):  
Ann Marie Chiasson
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Energy Medicine ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Skilled Practitioner ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Chronic Pain Syndromes

Energy medicine (EM) consists of a range of modalities and techniques that work with the underlying energy field of the body. Techniques range from hands-on healing to using vibration, movement or sound. There is moderate evidence that energy medicine significantly decreases many types of chronic pain and is most utilized in patients with chronic pain syndromes. Energy medicine prevalence of use and evidence, specifically in GI disorders, has been less investigated. There are a few small studies demonstrating evidence for decreasing symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Despite the lack of specific data for GI disorders, due to its role in increasing relaxation and decreasing pain, it can be a useful adjunct therapy. Most energy medicine modalities have specific techniques for GI disorders. Finding a skilled practitioner, as well as learning how to use self-healing techniques, can be valuable additions to a patient’s plan of care.

scholarly journals Characterization of New TRPM8 Modulators in Pain Perception

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen De Caro ◽  
Claudia Cristiano ◽  
Carmen Avagliano ◽  
Alessia Bertamino ◽  
Carmine Ostacolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin ◽  
Pain Models ◽  
Excessive Activation

Background: Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-8 (TRPM8) is a non-selective cation channel activated by cold temperature and by cooling agents. Several studies have proved that this channel is involved in pain perception. Although some studies indicate that TRPM8 inhibition is necessary to reduce acute and chronic pain, it is also reported that TRPM8 activation produces analgesia. These conflicting results could be explained by extracellular Ca2+-dependent desensitization that is induced by an excessive activation. Likely, this effect is due to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) depletion that leads to modification of TRPM8 channel activity, shifting voltage dependence towards more positive potentials. This phenomenon needs further evaluation and confirmation that would allow us to understand better the role of this channel and to develop new therapeutic strategies for controlling pain. Experimental approach: To understand the role of TRPM8 in pain perception, we tested two specific TRPM8-modulating compounds, an antagonist (IGM-18) and an agonist (IGM-5), in either acute or chronic animal pain models using male Sprague-Dawley rats or CD1 mice, after systemic or topical routes of administration. Results: IGM-18 and IGM-5 were fully characterized in vivo. The wet-dog shake test and the body temperature measurements highlighted the antagonist activity of IGM-18 on TRPM8 channels. Moreover, IGM-18 exerted an analgesic effect on formalin-induced orofacial pain and chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain, demonstrating the involvement of TRPM8 channels in these two pain models. Finally, the results were consistent with TRPM8 downregulation by agonist IGM-5, due to its excessive activation. Conclusions: TRPM8 channels are strongly involved in pain modulation, and their selective antagonist is able to reduce both acute and chronic pain.

Tension Headaches: An Investigation into Their Causes from a Naturopathic Perspective

Biofeedback ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
Sarah Roth
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Tension Headaches ◽  
Chronic Pain Syndromes

A thorough understanding of the physiological processes that underlie muscle tension is foundational to any discussion on environments and substances that alter such a process. The fascial web, an interconnection of the various fascia, extends throughout the entire body and acts to link every area of the body together and connect external and internal structures. It is the fascial tissue that transmits forces locally (i.e., between muscle and bone or between muscle and ligament) and distally, thereby creating muscle contraction in interconnected but distant areas of the body. Fascia is composed of various cell types, fibers (elastin, collagen, and reticular), and a fluid-like ground substance that is rich in proteoglycans. Fascial tissue responds both acutely and chronically to its environment via adaptations in both collagen and proteoglycan structure. Acutely, this results in the normal contraction of muscles and resultant movement, such as looking down at one's feet while walking, but chronically it can result in chronic pain syndromes, including tension headaches, due to tensegrity (tensional integrity) changes in the fascial framework. This can occur as a response to repetitive strain or acute injury. The purpose of this discussion is to provide an overview of some of the many influences on muscle tension from the perspective of a naturopathic doctor. I will use tension headaches as an example, though the principles discussed here may be extended to many different chronic pain syndromes.

Pain Syndromes Other Than Headache

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar L. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Nerve Injuries ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Chronic Pain Syndromes

Pain is experienced within a complex biologic, emotional, psychological, and social context that may defy physical examination, diagnostic procedures, and laboratory tests. This chapter aims to empower internists to improve their medical practices in pain management. It provides a scientific background that covers nociception and how sensory processing occurs at multiple levels in the body. Clinical assessment is detailed, as well as diagnostic categories that include mixed or uncertain chronic pain syndromes (back pain, fibromyalgia, postamputation pain, pain from cancer and bone) and neuropathic pain syndromes (polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy multiplex, ganglionopathy, genetic disorders, focal and regional syndromes). Treatment of chronic pain can be surgical or interventional. Pharmacologic treatment for acute and chronic nociceptive pain includes special considerations for geriatric and terminal patients. For treatment of neuropathic pain, medications are the major component. One tables lists iatrogenic nerve injuries that can cause posttraumatic neuralgia and complex regional pain syndrome. Other tables detail stepwise pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain and cite recommendations on opioid use from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One figure illustrates how pain transducers monitor and influence tissue conditions. Other figures show sensory processing in the spinal cord dorsal horn, physical findings in the feet of patients with bilateral foot pain from small-fiber polyneuropathy, illustrate how examination can identify specific nerve injuries causing chronic pain, and provide classification of chronic pain syndromes. This chapter contains 82 references.

scholarly journals Chronic pain syndromes: overlapping phenotypes with common mechanisms

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Owen Littlejohn ◽  
Emma Guymer
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
The Common ◽  
Chronic Pain Syndromes

The common chronic pain syndromes of fibromyalgia, regional pain syndrome, and complex regional pain syndrome have been made to appear separate because they have been historically described by different groups and with different criteria, but they are really phenotypically accented expressions of the same processes triggered by emotional distress and filtered or modified by genetics, psychology, and local physical factors.

scholarly journals Pharmacology of Opioids in the Treatment of Chronic Pain Syndromes

2011 ◽  
Vol 4;14 (4;7) ◽  
pp. E343-E360
Author(s):  
Ricardo Vallejo
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intractable Pain ◽  
Human History ◽  
Oral Ingestion ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Chronic Pain Syndromes

The perpetual pursuit of pain elimination has been constant throughout human history and pervades human cultures. In some ways it is as old as medicine itself. Cultures throughout history have practiced the art of pain management through remedies such as oral ingestion of herbs or techniques believed to have special properties. In fact, even Hippocrates wrote about the practice of trepanation, the cutting of holes in the body to release pain. Current therapies for management of pain include the pervasive utilization of opioids, which have an extensive history, spanning centuries. There is general agreement about the appropriateness of opioids for the treatment of acute and cancer pain, but the long-term use of these drugs for treatment of chronic non-malignant pain remains controversial. The pros and cons regarding these issues are beyond the scope of this review. Instead, the purpose of this review will be directed towards the pharmacology of commonly prescribed opioids in the treatment of various chronic pain syndromes. Opium, derived from the Greek word for “juice,” is extracted from the latex sap of the opium poppy (Papaverum somniferum). The juice of the poppy is the source of some 20 different alkaloids of opium. These alkaloids of opioids can be divided into 2 chemical classes: phenanthrenes (morphine, codeine, and thebaine) and benzylisoquinolines (agents that do not interact with opioid receptors). Key words: Opioid metabolism, opioid interactions, morphine, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, methadone, intractable pain, endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, narcotics, pharmacology, propoxyphene, fentanyl, oxymorphone, tramadol

Management of Chronic Pain In Children

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 218-222
Author(s):  
Zeev N. Kain ◽  
Stephen Rimar
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Recurrent Pain ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Pain Transmission ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Pathway Activation ◽  
Full Complement

Pain relief has received considerable attention in recent years, but pain in neonates and children has been underreported, undertreated, and misunderstood. Several reviews have dealt with the recognition and treatment of acute pain, but much less has been written about chronic pain in children. Here we will address general considerations of pain management in children and specific chronic and recurrent pain syndromes of childhood. Developmental Considerations The perception of pain includes both a sensory component, involving neural pathway activation in response to noxious stimuli, and an affective/cognitive response, involving several behavioral aspects. Cutaneous sensory perception has been reported in the perioral area of human fetuses as early as the seventh week of gestation and spreads to include cutaneous and mucosal surfaces by the twentieth week. Incomplete myelinization of nerve fibers and immature synaptic connections have been thought to indicate a lack of maturity in the neonatal nervous system, but this phenomenon merely implies a slower conduction velocity, with much shorter traveling distance in newborns. Development of the fetal neocortex begins during the eighth week of gestation; by 20 weeks, each cortex has a full complement of neurons. Sensory pathways required for pain transmission can be traced from receptors in the skin to sensory areas in the cerebral cortex of infants. Functional development of the cerebral cortex is suggested by specific features of both the fetal and the neonatal electroencephalogram.

scholarly journals Effects of Early Exposure of Isoflurane on Chronic Pain via the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signal Pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qun Li ◽  
Reilley Paige Mathena ◽  
O’Rukevwe Nicole Eregha ◽  
C. David Mintz
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Molecular Alteration ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Anesthetic Drugs ◽  
Surgical Pain

Persistent post-surgical pain (PPSP) is a chronic pain condition, often with neuropathic features, that occurs in approximately 20% of children who undergo surgery. The biological basis of PPSP has not been elucidated. Anesthetic drugs can have lasting effects on the developing nervous system, although the clinical impact of this phenomenon is unknown. Here, we used a mouse model to test the hypothesis that early developmental exposure to isoflurane causes cellular and molecular alteration in the pain perception circuitry that causes a predisposition to chronic, neuropathic pain via a pathologic upregulation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Mice were exposed to isoflurane at postnatal day 7 and select cohorts were treated with rapamycin, an mTOR pathway inhibitor. Behavioral tests conducted 2 months later showed increased evidence of neuropathic pain, which did not occur in rapamycin-treated animals. Immunohistochemistry showed neuronal activity was chronically increased in the insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and spinal dorsal horn, and activity was attenuated by rapamycin. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting (WB) showed a co-incident chronic, abnormal upregulation in mTOR activity. We conclude that early isoflurane exposure alters the development of pain circuits and has the potential to contribute to PPSP and/or other pain syndromes.

scholarly journals Are there any gender differences in pain perception? Clinical and experimental studies in oncology

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-760
Author(s):  
Elena Frantsiyants ◽  
Inga Kotieva ◽  
Elena Sheiko ◽  
Iurii Sidorenko
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development

The review considers and analyzes scientific literature on gender differences in the incidence of pain syndromes, perception of clinical pain, including that in cancer patients and in experimental oncology. The literature highlights theoretical basis, some biological mechanisms and practical results associated with gender differences. Chronic pain no longer performs a protective function and is not biologically appropriate. The review presents results of experimental studies demonstrating the important role of sex hormones and regulatory systems of a living organism in the mechanisms of development, distribution and perception of pain. Some aspects of sexual dimorphism in the processes of nociception and antinociception are covered. We present the data on the causes of chronic pain syndrome and its perception in cancer patients of both sexes indicating genetically determined sexual reactivity of the body which causes an imbalance in the function of peripheral nervous system and CNS under the influence of prolonged permanent pain in a living organism. Various pain effects have been shown to cause changes in the main types of metabolism, mobilization of adaptive metabolic mechanisms, and tissue damage. Conclusions. The high prevalence of chronic pain in both women and men with cancer, heavy humanitarian and social and economic burden explains a significant increase in fundamental and clinical research in this direction.      

Pain Syndromes Other Than Headache

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar L. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Nerve Injuries ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Chronic Pain Syndromes

Pain is experienced within a complex biologic, emotional, psychological, and social context that may defy physical examination, diagnostic procedures, and laboratory tests. This chapter aims to empower internists to improve their medical practices in pain management. It provides a scientific background that covers nociception and how sensory processing occurs at multiple levels in the body. Clinical assessment is detailed, as well as diagnostic categories that include mixed or uncertain chronic pain syndromes (back pain, fibromyalgia, postamputation pain, pain from cancer and bone) and neuropathic pain syndromes (polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy multiplex, ganglionopathy, genetic disorders, focal and regional syndromes). Treatment of chronic pain can be surgical or interventional. Pharmacologic treatment for acute and chronic nociceptive pain includes special considerations for geriatric and terminal patients. For treatment of neuropathic pain, medications are the major component. One tables lists iatrogenic nerve injuries that can cause posttraumatic neuralgia and complex regional pain syndrome. Other tables detail stepwise pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain and cite recommendations on opioid use from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One figure illustrates how pain transducers monitor and influence tissue conditions. Other figures show sensory processing in the spinal cord dorsal horn, physical findings in the feet of patients with bilateral foot pain from small-fiber polyneuropathy, illustrate how examination can identify specific nerve injuries causing chronic pain, and provide classification of chronic pain syndromes. This chapter contains 82 references.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document