scholarly journals Rudolf Schlechter's South-American orchids III. Schlechter's "network": North and Northeast Brazil, The Guianas

Lankesteriana ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Ossenbach ◽  
Rudolf Jenny
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
South American ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
History Of Botany ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tocantins River ◽  
Northern Territories ◽  
The Guianas

The third chapter of the series about Rudolf Schlechter’s South-American orchids presents concise biographical information about those botanists and orchid collectors who were connected to Schlechter and worked in north and northeastern Brazil, as well as in the three Guianas. As an introduction, a brief geographical outline is presented, dividing the northern territories in four zones: the Amazon basin, the Araguaia-Tocantins river basin, the Northeast region and the Guianas. It is followed by a short mention of the historical milestones in the history of orchids in these regions during the preceding centuries. Key words: Amazon River, biography, history of botany, Orchidaceae, Roraima, Tocantins River

scholarly journals Fishes from the Itapecuru River basin, State of Maranhão, northeast Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Barros ◽  
EC Fraga ◽  
JLO Birindelli
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Large River ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
South American ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Brazilian State

The Itapecuru is a relatively large river in the northeastern Brazilian state of Maranhão. During several expeditions to this basin, we collected 69 fish species belonging to 65 genera, 29 families and 10 orders. Characiformes and Siluriformes were the orders with the largest number of species and Characidae, Loricariidae, Cichlidae, Auchenipteridae and Pimelodidae were the richest families. About 30% of the fish fauna of the Itapecuru basin is endemic or restricted to northeastern Brazil. Just over a fifth (22%) of the species is also known to occur in the Amazon basin and only a few are more widely distributed in South American.

scholarly journals Rudolf Schlechter's South-American orchids I. Historical and bibliographical background

Lankesteriana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Ossenbach ◽  
Rudolf Jenny
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
South American ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
History Of Botany ◽  
Tropical America ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flora Of South America ◽  
Complete Bibliography

This study represents the first part of a series dedicated to the work of Rudolf Schlechter on the orchid flora of South America. The historical background of Schlechter’s botanical activity is outlined, and salient aspects of his biography, as well as his main scientific relationships, in particular with Oakes Ames, and the origins of his interest in tropical America are discussed. We also present a complete bibliography relative to Schlechter’s production on the orchid floras of South American countries, with his network of orchid collectors, growers and other purveyors, and checklists of all the new taxa that he described from each individual country.   Key words: bibliography, biography, history of botany, Orchidaceae, South America

Checklist of the marine and estuarine Brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda) of northern and northeastern Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1956 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETRÔNIO ALVES COELHO ◽  
ALEXANDRE OLIVEIRA DE ALMEIDA ◽  
LUIS ERNESTO ARRUDA BEZERRA
Keyword(s):  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
South American ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Latitudinal Distribution ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Non Indigenous Species ◽  
Central South

A total of 272 species of brachyuran crabs are reported from marine and estuarine environments in northern and northeast Brazil. The checklist is derived from the literature published from 1847 to 2008, and includes all species that have been reported at least once from the study area. It is also partially supported by material deposited in the crustacean collection of the Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, city of Recife, Brazil (DOUFPE). The families containing the highest number of species in northern and northeastern Brazil are Majidae (31), Portunidae (22), Epialtidae (20), Panopeidae (20), and Xanthidae (18). The remaining species are distributed in 39 families. The analysis of the distribution of the species in the region, allows for identification of four patterns of longitudinal distribution (western Atlantic, Amphi-Atlantic, Amphi-American, and circumtropical species) and, in the western Atlantic, six patterns of latitudinal distribution (Virginian, Carolinian, Antillean, Central-South American, Boreal, and Endemic). Two non-indigenous species have also been reported. Most of the species represented in northern and northeastern Brazil have Antillean (94 species; 34.5%) and Carolinian (75 species; 27.6%) pattern of distribution.

A model for paleobiogeography of South American cricetine rodents

Paleobiology ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry G. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
South American ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
The Andes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grassland Habitats ◽  
The Guianas ◽  
Forest Habitats ◽  
Glacial Advance

A model for the paleobiogeographic history of South American cricetine rodents is proposed based on new and/or recently published fossil, geological, paleobotanical and radioisotope data. Cricetine rodents of the tribe Sigmodontini evolved in North America before 7.0 Myr BP. They got to South America by waif dispersal across the Bolivar Trough marine barrier from Central America during a world wide drop in sea level (the “Messinian Low”) between 7.0 and 5.0 Myr BP. The basal stock was probably a sylvan (forest) form, from which evolved pastoral (grazing) forms in the savanna-grassland area of Venezuela, Colombia and the Guianas. The pastoral forms in the northern savanna-grassland area were restricted there until about 3.5 Myr BP. At that time there occurred the first glaciation in South America and consonant with glacial advance was a retraction of forest habitats and an expansion of savanna-grassland habitats. At that time the pastoral forms were able to disperse southward through a savanna-grassland corridor along the eastern foothills of the Andes and spread throughout the previously disjunct savanna-grasslands of Bolivia and Argentina. Cricetines are first recorded as fossil in the Monte Hermoso Fm. of Argentina which is about 3.5 Myr BP in age. The Panamanian land bridge came into existence about 3.0 Myr BP as indicated by the beginning of a major interchange of terrestrial faunas between the Americas, which was well underway by 2.7 Myr BP.

scholarly journals The Origins of Coca: Museum Genomics Reveals Multiple Independent Domestications from Progenitor Erythroxylum gracilipes

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Dawson M White ◽  
Jen-Pan Huang ◽  
Orlando Adolfo Jara-Muñoz ◽  
Santiago MadriñáN ◽  
Richard H Ree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Plant Domestication ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
South American ◽  
Sequence Capture ◽  
Domestication Event ◽  
Geographic Origins ◽  
History Of

Abstract Coca is the natural source of cocaine as well as a sacred and medicinal plant farmed by South American Amerindians and mestizos. The coca crop comprises four closely related varieties classified into two species (Amazonian and Huánuco varieties within Erythroxylum coca Lam., and Colombian and Trujillo varieties within Erythroxylum novogranatense (D. Morris) Hieron.) but our understanding of the domestication and evolutionary history of these taxa is nominal. In this study, we use genomic data from natural history collections to estimate the geographic origins and genetic diversity of this economically and culturally important crop in the context of its wild relatives. Our phylogeographic analyses clearly demonstrate the four varieties of coca comprise two or three exclusive groups nested within the diverse lineages of the widespread, wild species Erythroxylum gracilipes; establishing a new and robust hypothesis of domestication wherein coca originated two or three times from this wild progenitor. The Colombian and Trujillo coca varieties are descended from a single, ancient domestication event in northwestern South America. Huánuco coca was domesticated more recently, possibly in southeastern Peru. Amazonian coca either shares a common domesticated ancestor with Huánuco coca, or it was the product of a third and most recent independent domestication event in the western Amazon basin. This chronology of coca domestication reveals different Holocene peoples in South America were able to independently transform the same natural resource to serve their needs; in this case, a workaday stimulant. [Erythroxylum; Erythroxylaceae; Holocene; Museomics; Neotropics; phylogeography; plant domestication; target-sequence capture.]

The British Reoccupation and Colonization of the Falkland Islands, or Malvinas, 1832–1843

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry M. Gough
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
South American ◽  
The Third ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Economic Considerations

In December 1832 and January 1833 the British reoccupied the Falkland Islands or the Malvinas. This reassertion of British sovereignty began an uninterrupted period of control that lasted until 2 April 1982, when armed forces of the Republic of Argentina forced the surrender of the British governor and garrison at Stanley, the capital of what the British had come to call “The Falkland Islands Dependency.” The Argentine occupation ended with a surrender to British arms on 14 June 1982. These celebrated events of recent times brought forth a fundamental question, here addressed: Why did the British possess the islands in the first place? The British government's motivation for reoccupying the Falklands in 1832–33 is insufficiently explained in existing historical literature, though the legal intricacies are known. Julius Goebel the Younger, a student of international law, termed the contest for sovereignty of the islands a “struggle.” However, his work, a study in international legal history, was not based on strategic, maritime, and economic considerations and, moreover, did not probe the question of British motivation in reoccupation. V. F. Boyson's history of the islands is a valuable survey but it inadequately investigates the same theme and the precise period under consideration. Other histories of the Falklands written in English do not examine the matter of motivation in depth. Argentine sources are extensive and see the British reoccupation as illegal. They tend at the same time to recite the arguments for sovereignty over the Malvinas; and one Argentine historian has called the reoccupation “the third English invasion,” in reference to two previous occupations by the British in 1765 and 1771. The following inquiry seeks to rectify these matters and is based on British documents, particularly in-letters of Commanders-in-Chief on the South American station. These reports to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty reveal two concerns: firstly, the infringement by Argentine and American traders and marine exploiters in territory and territorial waters traditionally claimed but not effectively occupied by the United Kingdom and, secondly, the importance of the Falklands as a base from which to safeguard the sea routes of the southern oceans.

Formal recognition of six subordinate taxa within the South American bracken fern, Pteridium esculentum (P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum s.l.—Dennstaedtiaceae), based on morphology and geography

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 333 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEDRO B. SCHWARTSBURD ◽  
AGUSTINA YAÑEZ ◽  
JEFFERSON PRADO
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Putative Hybrid ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
Formal Recognition

Based on the morphological study of ca. 470 specimens and geographical studies, we here propose the recognition of six morphotypes within the South American Pteridium esculentum (= P. arachnoideum s.l., or P. aquilinum var. arachnoideum sensu Tryon, or P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum sensu Thomson). Three of them are widely distributed and well-defined, and we regard them as subspecies of P. esculentum: P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum s. str., P. esculentum subsp. campestre, comb. et stat. nov., and P. esculentum subsp. gryphus. The other three are more rare. One of these is a pedomorphic form of P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, which we name as P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum var. paedomorficum, nom. nov. The other is a glabrous form of P. esculentum subsp. gryphus, which we name P. esculentum subsp. gryphus var. harpianum, var. nov. The third is a putative hybrid between P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum and P. esculentum subsp. campestre. All six taxa are keyed, described, illustrated, mapped, and discussed. Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum s. str. forms an arc of distribution from eastern, to southern, to western South America (but not occurring west of the Andes); Pteridium esculentum subsp. campestre forms an arc of distribution from northeastern Brazil to northern South America (not occurring west of the Andes either); and P. esculentum subsp. gryphus forms an arc of distribution from western to northern South America (occurring also west of the Andes and in Galapagos). This one is morphologically more similar to the Australasian P. esculentum subsp. esculentum.

scholarly journals Systematics and Taxonomy of Tonatia saurophila Koopman & Williams, 1951 (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 915 ◽  
pp. 59-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateo Basantes ◽  
Nicolás Tinoco ◽  
Paúl M. Velazco ◽  
Melinda J. Hofmann ◽  
Miguel E. Rodríguez-Posada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
The Guianas

The Stripe-headed Round-eared bat, Tonatia saurophila, includes three subspecies: Tonatia saurophila saurophila (known only from subfossil records in Jamaica), Tonatia saurophila bakeri (distributed from southeastern Mexico to northern Colombia, Venezuela west and north of the Cordillera de Mérida, and northwestern Ecuador), and Tonatia saurophila maresi (distributed in Venezuela east and south of the Cordillera de Mérida, the Guianas, Trinidad and Tobago, northeastern Brazil, and along the upper Amazon basin in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia). The last two subspecies are an attractive example to test predictions about the historical role of the Andes in mammalian diversification. Based on morphological descriptions, morphometric analyses, and phylogenetic reconstruction using the mitochondrial gene Cyt-b and the nuclear exon RAG2, this study evaluates the intraspecific relationships within Tonatia saurophila and the taxonomic status of the taxon. The three subspecies of T. saurophila are recognizable as full species: Tonatia bakeri, Tonatia maresi, and Tonatia saurophila. The latter is restricted to its type locality and possibly is extinct. Tonatia bakeri, in addition to being larger than T. maresi, is morphologically distinguishable by possessing an acute apex at the posterior edge of the skull, a well-developed clinoid process, and relatively robust mandibular condyles, and by lacking a diastema between the canine and the first lower premolar. The genetic distance between T. bakeri and T. maresi is 7.65%.

scholarly journals Rudolf Schlechter's South-American orchids V. Schlechter's "network": Ecuador and Peru

Lankesteriana ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Ossenbach ◽  
Rudolf Jenny
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
South America ◽  
South American ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
History Of Botany ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
History Of

The fifth chapter of the series about Rudolf Schlechter’s South-American orchids introduces us to those botanists and orchid collectors who travelled and worked in Ecuador and Peru and supplied Schlechter with many of the new orchid species he described. As in previous chapters, the biographies and accomplishments of these travellers are preceded by brief geographical and historical outlines for each of these countries. It is worth mentioning that the lives and orchids of such prominent figures in the orchidology of South America as F.C. Lehmann, W. Hennis, E. Bungeroth and E. Ule, who collected in Ecuador and Peru, have already been mentioned in previous chapters and are therefore omitted here. Keywords/Palabras clave: biography, biografía, history of botany, historia de la botánica, Orchidaceae For accessing the high-resolution PDF, please follow this link: https://n9.cl/836os  

scholarly journals Rudolf Schlechter's South-American orchids IV. Schlechter's "network": Venezuela and Colombia

Lankesteriana ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Ossenbach ◽  
Rudolf Jenny
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
South American ◽  
History Of Botany ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
First Time

The fourth chapter of the series about Rudolf Schlechter’s South-American orchids again presents abridged biographical information about the botanists and orchid collectors that formed part of Schlechter’s South-American network and who traveled and worked in those countries on the continent’s northern and Caribbean coasts, through Venezuela and Colombia. In the case of Colombia, we cross the isthmus of Darien and arrive for the first time on the Pacific coast of South America. As in other chapters, brief geographical and historical introductory outlines are presented for each of these countries, followed by a narrative on those orchidologists who visited the area, chronologically by the dates of their botanical collections. Keywords/Palabras clave: biography, biografía, history of botany, historia de la botánica, Orchidaceae

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