scholarly journals Thermal analysis of soils formed on limestone in the Bükk Mountains, North Hungary

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
E. Hofmann ◽  
T. Németh ◽  
A. Bidló
Keyword(s):  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Incomplete Knowledge ◽  
Thermoanalytical Techniques ◽  
Limestone Bedrock ◽  
Genesis Of Soils

The present article discusses the applicability of thermoanalytical methods in the analysis of Hungarian soils formed on carbonate rocks. Up to now only limited mineralogical and soil chemical research has been done on these soils. Soils from the Bükk Mountains, the most varied limestone region in Hungary, were used for the investigations. The aim was to extend our incomplete knowledge on the mineral composition and formation processes of these soils and to demonstrate the possibilities and evaluation potential of thermoanalytical techniques. All the soils investigated were formed on limestone and had different surface soil thickness, influenced by the accumulation of silicate debris and the microterrain. The results of soil mineralogical analysis revealed an extraordinarily high proportion of quartz compared to that of other minerals (especially calcite), indicating that these soils could not have originated solely from the weathering of the limestone bedrock. The results also showed that thermoanalytical methods could complement classical chemical and instrumental (XRPD) methods in research on the genesis of soils formed on limestone.

scholarly journals SURFACE SOIL THICKNESS AND COTTON DEVELOPMENT

Nature ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 148 (3744) ◽  
pp. 144-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. SREENIVASAN
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Thickness

scholarly journals The Implication of Petrographic Characteristics on the Mechanical Behavior of Middle Eocene Limestone, 15th May City, Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9710
Author(s):  
Abdelaziz El Shinawi ◽  
Peter Mésároš ◽  
Martina Zeleňáková
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Limestone Bedrock

The construction purposes of carbonate rocks are considered a major aspect of using these bedrocks based on their mechanical behavior. Accordingly, the physical and mechanical characterization of Middle Eocene Limestone bedrock in the new urban area at the 15th May City, Egypt was studied to assess the suitability of the carbonate rocks for construction. This study has been carried out to investigate the effect of petrographic characteristics on mechanical properties. To achieve this objective, the intact 30 rock core samples from 15 boreholes were selected at different depths. Based on study of the selected samples in thin sections, the limestone in the area was classified as lime-mudstone, wackestone, and grainstone. Additionally, the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and Schmidt Rebound Hammer (Rn) were determined to detect the mechanical properties of the limestone bedrock. The measured parameters (UCS and Rn) demonstrated a high direct relationship with mudstone and a poor direct relationship with dolomite and high negative correlation with wackestone and grainstone. Therefore, the Middle Eocene Limestone bedrock is more durable and has medium-strength, which made it suitable for constructions. Regression analysis was performed to find out some linear relationship between mechanical properties (UCS) with petrographic characteristics. The study reveals significant positive correlation between UCS and Rn with mudstone in accordance higher values of regression coefficient (R2 = 0.91 and R2 = 0.036), and an inverse relationship of Rn with dolomite % (R2 = 0.89 and R2 = 0.02), respectively. Consequently, the strong confidence on the mechanical parameters opens the way for engineers to predict the mechanical parameters that are required for engineering properties of limestone for the urban expansion.

Genesis of soils across a late Quaternary volcanic landscape in the humid tropical island of Leyte, Philippines

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Navarrete ◽  
Kiyoshi Tsutsuki ◽  
Renzo Kondo ◽  
Victor B. Asio
Keyword(s):  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Tropical Island ◽  
Tropical Condition ◽  
Genesis Of Soils

This study evaluated the characteristics and genesis of soils across a young volcanic landscape in the humid tropical island of Leyte, Philippines. Five representative soil pedons (P1–P5) derived from late Quaternary volcanoclastics (i.e. fragmental) on a hillslope sequence were examined and sampled. Results revealed that the soils have generally similar morphological characteristics particularly in terms of soil colour (10YR 3/3–10YR 5/6) and soil structure (granular to subangular blocky), but differed in terms of soil thickness and clay content, which was higher in P3 than the other pedons across the landscape. The high porosities of the soils were the results of high organic matter, the dominance of noncrystalline (short-range order) minerals, as well as the isovolumetric weathering in the subsoils. All soils have very similar chemical properties (e.g. acidic, high organic carbon, low exchangeable bases), except soils from the middle backslope position (P3), which have high cation exchange capacity because higher exchangeable Ca and K result in a higher base saturation. Allophane, goethite, ferrihydrite, and gibbsite are the dominant clay minerals in the soils. Principal component analysis revealed that P3 was distinct from pedons P1, P2, P4, and P5, suggesting that it was substantially different from all other soils across the landscape. Soil formation was relatively fast due to the easy weatherability of the parent materials, high rainfall, and good drainage of the soils along the landscape. This study revealed that on young volcanic soils under humid tropical condition, topography greatly influenced soil development.

The convexity of carbonate hillslopes: the influence of climate, chemical weathering and dust flux

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matan Ben-Asher ◽  
Itai Haviv ◽  
Onn Crouvi ◽  
Josh J Roering ◽  
Ari Matmon
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Denudation Rates ◽  
Soil Production ◽  
Hillslope Evolution ◽  
Dust Flux

<p>Convex soil-covered hillslopes are ubiquitous in various tectonic and climatic settings and are often modeled based on a mass balance relating hillslope convexity to regolith transport and soil production. In order to account for chemical weathering of carbonate rocks and dust input to the regolith, two fluxes that are commonly neglected in settings with silicate-dominated bedrock,  we modify this mass balance.</p><p>We studied 7 study sites in carbonate rocks across an Eastern Mediterranean gradient in the mean annual rainfall (250 to 900 mm yr<sup>-1</sup>) and dust flux (150 to 40 g m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>). Combining cosmogenic <sup>36</sup>Cl-derived hilltops denudation rates with an estimate of the regolith chemical depletion and dust fraction based on immobile elements, we predict the hillslope curvature and compare our predictions with observations based on high-resolution airborne LiDAR.</p><p>Our results demonstrate that soft carbonates (chalk) experience faster denudation rates relative to resistant dolo-limestone. However, the harder carbonates are more prone to chemical weathering, which systematically constitutes around half of their total denudation.  Soil production rates exhibit a humped dependency on soil thickness, with an apparent maximum at a depth of 8-16 cm.</p><p>The observed hillslope curvature vary as function of rainfall and dust flux with a minimum at sub-humid sites with intermediate rainfall of  500-600 mm/yr. The predicted curvature based on our new mass balance is not far from the observed curvature, illustrating the prominent effects of dust flux and chemical weathering on hillslope morphology.  Our model also implies that drier sites in the south probably experienced a more complex history of regolith production due dust flux fluctuations.</p><p>By incorporating dust flux and chemical weathering to the classic hillslope evolution model we identify a complex relation between hillslope curvature, soil production, and climate. These two fluxes are not unique to carbonate bedrock and should be incorporated in hillslope evolution models.</p>

scholarly journals Karst Geomorphology and Environmental Change

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lewin ◽  
Jamie Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Karst Terrain ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Limestone Bedrock ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Karst Systems ◽  
Karst Landscapes ◽  
Karst Terrains ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Whilst about 12 per cent of the earth’s dry and ice-free land is covered by carbonate rocks (limestone, marble, and dolomite), the proportion is significantly higher in the landscapes that border the Mediterranean Sea. These rock types are especially widespread in the northern part of the region and limestones in particular reach great thicknesses in Spain, southern France, Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, and Turkey and in many of the Mediterranean islands. Abundant precipitation in the uplands of the Mediterranean has encouraged solutional weathering of these carbonate rocks for an extended period. The region contains some of the deepest karst aquifers in the world, with many extending deep below present sea level (e.g. Bakalowicz et al. 2008). The regional fall in base level associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis allowed the formation of very deep, multiphase karst systems in several parts of the Mediterranean basin (e.g. Mocochain et al. 2006). Thus, karst terrains and karstic processes are very significant components of the physical geography of the Mediterranean basin. Indeed, along with the climate and the vegetation, it can be argued that limestone landscapes (including limestone bedrock coasts) are one of the defining characteristics of the Mediterranean environment. Much of the northern coastline is flanked by mountains with bare limestone hillslopes (Figure 10.2) drained by short and steep river systems whose headwaters commonly lie in well-developed karst terrain. Karst terrains are also well developed in the Levant and in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco and Algeria, while relict karst features can be identified in the low-relief desert regions of Libya and Egypt (Perritaz 2004) (Figure 10.1). Mediterranean karst environments are also associated with distinctive soils, habitats and ecosystems as described in Chapters 5, 6, and 23. The nature and evolution of the karst landscapes across the Mediterranean region displays considerable spatial variability due to contrasts in relief, bedrock composition and structure, climatic history, and other factors. The karst geomorphological system is distinguished from other systems (e.g. glacial, fluvial, coastal, and aeolian) because of the dominant role of dissolution which results in water flowing in a subterranean circulation system rather than in surface channels (Ford 2004).

scholarly journals MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SOILS OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Brydon
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Coarse Silt ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Plagioclase Feldspar ◽  
Soil Clays

The mineralogy of the clay and coarse silt fractions of 31 Maritime soils with a few exceptions showed close similarities. The predominant clay mineral was illite and it was associated with chlorite, vermiculite and kaolinite. Significant amounts of montmorillonite occurred in only one soil, the Truro. Vermiculite appeared in all the surface soil clays, and mixed-layer assemblages of various 2:1 layer silicates, including chloritic components, were present in many of the clays.The silt fractions of the Nova Scotia and New Brunswick soils contained substantial amounts of albite-type plagioclase feldspar in addition to quartz, chlorite and mica. The Prince Edward Island soils, except the Queens, differed in that they contained small amounts of a variety of feldspars.

Karst in Southeast Asia

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gillieson
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Landscape Processes ◽  
World Heritage List ◽  
The World ◽  
Limestone Bedrock ◽  
Karst Landscapes ◽  
Karst Landforms

Flying over the patchwork quilt of land uses that comprise Southeast Asia, one often sees extensive tracts of rugged topography with plateaux pitted with depressions, deep gorges, rivers arising at the bases of mountains, and towers arising from alluviated plains. These are the karst lands, formed on limestone bedrock and subject to the solutional erosion of that bedrock above and below ground. With a total area of about 400 000 km2, Southeast Asia contains some of the more extensive karst regions in the world. Many of these karst areas are of high relief with spectacular arrays of tower and cone karst. Many have now been inscribed on the World Heritage list in recognition of their unique geomorphology and biology. They are scattered throughout the islands of the Malay archipelago as well as the adjoining fringe of the Asian mainland. Karst is found in Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Brunei, Indonesia, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, and Papua New Guinea. Geologically the carbonate rocks hosting karst range in age from Cambrian to Quaternary, a span of about 500 million years (Letouzey, Sage, and Muller 1988). Over that time limestone solution and other landscape processes have produced an array of karst landforms including towers, cones, plateaux, and dolines, underlain by extensive cave systems. There have also been strong external influences of tectonism, eustatic, and climatic change. Today human modification of karst processes and landforms is proceeding at a rapid pace. Despite their characterization as the ‘botanical hothouse extreme’ (Jennings 1985) the karstlands of Southeast Asia are most diverse, reflecting the influence of varied geology, uplift history, eustatic change, and climates past and present. Karst landscapes range in elevation from sea level to nearly 4000 m, and comprise extensive plateaux with dolines, tower karst, cone karst, and lowlying swampy terrain. The carbonate rocks on which they have formed range widely in age, and can be soft and impure or hard and crystalline. Many areas have been wholly or partially blanketed by volcanic ash during their evolution.

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