Karst in Southeast Asia

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gillieson
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Landscape Processes ◽  
World Heritage List ◽  
The World ◽  
Limestone Bedrock ◽  
Karst Landscapes ◽  
Karst Landforms

Flying over the patchwork quilt of land uses that comprise Southeast Asia, one often sees extensive tracts of rugged topography with plateaux pitted with depressions, deep gorges, rivers arising at the bases of mountains, and towers arising from alluviated plains. These are the karst lands, formed on limestone bedrock and subject to the solutional erosion of that bedrock above and below ground. With a total area of about 400 000 km2, Southeast Asia contains some of the more extensive karst regions in the world. Many of these karst areas are of high relief with spectacular arrays of tower and cone karst. Many have now been inscribed on the World Heritage list in recognition of their unique geomorphology and biology. They are scattered throughout the islands of the Malay archipelago as well as the adjoining fringe of the Asian mainland. Karst is found in Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Brunei, Indonesia, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, and Papua New Guinea. Geologically the carbonate rocks hosting karst range in age from Cambrian to Quaternary, a span of about 500 million years (Letouzey, Sage, and Muller 1988). Over that time limestone solution and other landscape processes have produced an array of karst landforms including towers, cones, plateaux, and dolines, underlain by extensive cave systems. There have also been strong external influences of tectonism, eustatic, and climatic change. Today human modification of karst processes and landforms is proceeding at a rapid pace. Despite their characterization as the ‘botanical hothouse extreme’ (Jennings 1985) the karstlands of Southeast Asia are most diverse, reflecting the influence of varied geology, uplift history, eustatic change, and climates past and present. Karst landscapes range in elevation from sea level to nearly 4000 m, and comprise extensive plateaux with dolines, tower karst, cone karst, and lowlying swampy terrain. The carbonate rocks on which they have formed range widely in age, and can be soft and impure or hard and crystalline. Many areas have been wholly or partially blanketed by volcanic ash during their evolution.

scholarly journals The Islamic Fundamentalism in Southeast Asia (The Case of Indonesia and Malaysia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Ghadbeigy ◽  
Maryam Jafari
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
September 11 ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Modern World ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Islamic Fundamentalism ◽  
Political Sovereignty ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World

Islamic fundamentalism as a stream of Extremist claim a return to the true Islam and no compromise with the modern world has transformed the scene inside the country and in international relations as a threat and a serious contender in today's society. In fact, after September 11, 2001, expanded a serious debate about Islamic fundamentalism around the world. But it can be difficult to provide an overview of the history of political violence in which the phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism as its starting point after September 11, is not mentioned. However, before the date mentioned in international studies, there are also traces of fundamentalism, But what is known today as the new form of Islamic fundamentalism, since 2011 and after the rise of the Middle East, was raised around the world and to create the challenges of Political sovereignty and security for the world's most strategic regions such as Europe and then Southeast Asia (especially Indonesia and Malaysia). Therefore, this research tries to answer this question: what is the most important factor in challenging the political sovereignty of states in Southeast Asia (especially Indonesia and Malaysia). The hypothesis is Islamic fundamentalism is a rival and threat against the sovereignty and national security of Indonesia and the Philippines. The result of this study explains and demonstrates the presence and role of Islamic fundamentalism in Indonesia and Malaysia as a serious challenge in the security-political reality of these countries. Therefore, this study seeks to recognize and address the challenges and threats that are faced by these two-country with the growth of Islamic fundamentalism.

Prospects for global jihadism in Southeast Asia

2021 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Zherlitsyna
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Main Pole ◽  
The World ◽  
Secular Power ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Islamist Movement ◽  
Islamist Movements

The article examines the relationship between local and global radical Islamist movements in the countries of Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The author set out to determine the reasons for the attractiveness of the rhetoric of modern global jihadist movements for the local population in remote regions of the world.  The study showed that the ideology of jihadism is based on a return to identity, the main pole of which is religion. After examining the origins of radical Islamist movements in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, the author concluded that the Afghan War was the impetus for their development. The purpose of this study is to find common and distinctive characteristics of the situation with Islamist radicalism in each of the countries of the region.  Analyzing the situation in Indonesia, the author concludes that the priority for local groups is local goals, and the issue of armed jihad has split the Indonesian Islamist movement into a moderate and radical wing associated with Al-Qaeda and ISIS. The article traces the evolution of secular power in Malaysia to the institutionalization of political Islam, starting in the 1970s.  The author argues that the grows of the Islamization in Malaysia led to the fact that the modern religious and ethnic discourse of the country as a whole was prepared for the perception of the ideology of radicals when ISIS appeared in the region. The author found that the jihadist movements in the Philippines are motivated by the separatist conflict, they pursue local goals and use the rhetoric of global jihad to stimulate the struggle and intimidate opponents.

Economic efficiency of sanitation interventions in Southeast Asia

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Hutton ◽  
U-Primo Rodriguez ◽  
Asep Winara ◽  
Nguyen Viet Anh ◽  
Kov Phyrum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Access Time ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Net Returns

Economic evidence on sanitation supports decisions on resource allocation and selection of efficient and affordable sanitation interventions. This study presents the economic efficiency (costs versus benefits) of sanitation interventions to better manage human excreta, from 47 field sites, covering six countries of Southeast Asia (Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, the Philippines and Vietnam). Costs were estimated in each location, while benefits (improved health, avoided water pollution, reduced sanitation access time, resource recovery) were estimated using evidence from published studies and field sites. The economic return per currency unit invested, known as the benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and the cost per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted were estimated. Across 25 rural field sites, pit latrines had a BCR of at least 5 in all countries, except Cambodia where the BCR was 2. In 22 urban field sites, septic tanks with wastewater management had a BCR of at least 2. Costs per DALY averted were found to be ‘cost-effective’ for most sanitation interventions in all countries. Economic performance declined significantly when considering non-use of facilities by households or unused infrastructural capacity. However, the economic net returns were positive under all pessimistic scenarios examined in one-way sensitivity analysis. This study demonstrates that sanitation is a highly profitable social and economic investment in six Asian countries.

The Pandemic and Southeast Asia’s Democratic Struggles

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (818) ◽  
pp. 228-233
Author(s):  
Joshua Kurlantzick
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Freedoms

Southeast Asia was one of the first regions hit by the spread of COVID-19. The region’s public health response varied, with some states like Vietnam proving models for the world, while others, like Indonesia and the Philippines, faltered badly. However, they have generally taken a common approach in one area: nearly all have used the pandemic to crack down on political freedoms and civil liberties.

scholarly journals THE SHIFT AND CONTINUITY OF THE PHILIPPINES� FOREIGN POLICY UNDER RODRIGO DUTERTE ON THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ISSUE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie Joyce Candice ◽  
Anak Agung Banyu Perwita
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
National Interests ◽  
China Sea ◽  
The World

The South China Sea (SCS) has become the largest and the crucial Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOCs) not only for Southeast Asia but also for the world. As one of the claimants of the South China Sea, Philippines were always and will always be trying to protect its national interests in the disputed waterways as part of its national territory. This article discusses about the shift and continuity of the Philippines� foreign policy on the South China Sea issue. It explicates the shift and continuity of Philippines foreign policy under Rodrigo Duterte to the South China Sea. A more focus elaboration will be devoted on how the Philippines implemented its foreign policy to deal with China in the South China Sea dispute.It argues that Duterte foreign policy to this delicate issue is always based on the strategic dynamic of its �two-level game� (domestic and international political stimuli) to its national interests.

scholarly journals CURRENT STATUS OF MYSID TAXONOMYIN SOUTHEAST ASIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shozo Sawamoto
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Andaman Sea ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Indonesian Seas ◽  
Far North ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Recent Species

This paper reviews the current status of mysid taxonomy in Southeast Asia, encompassing the South China Sea as far north as Hong Kong, the Andaman Sea, the Philippines, and the Indonesian seas as far south as the northern Australian waters. According to the 188 scientific papers published before 2013, 23 species in five genera of the Order Lophogastrida and 207 species in 63 genera of the Order Mysida have been recorded from these waters. This amounts to about 20 % of the recent species of these orders so far reported in the world. The occurrence recordsof these species were summarized in a table and a figure. On the basis of this body of information, it is suggested that there is an urgent need for research to improve our understanding of the biodiversity of mysids in this region.

scholarly journals Karst Geomorphology and Environmental Change

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lewin ◽  
Jamie Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Karst Terrain ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Limestone Bedrock ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Karst Systems ◽  
Karst Landscapes ◽  
Karst Terrains ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Whilst about 12 per cent of the earth’s dry and ice-free land is covered by carbonate rocks (limestone, marble, and dolomite), the proportion is significantly higher in the landscapes that border the Mediterranean Sea. These rock types are especially widespread in the northern part of the region and limestones in particular reach great thicknesses in Spain, southern France, Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, and Turkey and in many of the Mediterranean islands. Abundant precipitation in the uplands of the Mediterranean has encouraged solutional weathering of these carbonate rocks for an extended period. The region contains some of the deepest karst aquifers in the world, with many extending deep below present sea level (e.g. Bakalowicz et al. 2008). The regional fall in base level associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis allowed the formation of very deep, multiphase karst systems in several parts of the Mediterranean basin (e.g. Mocochain et al. 2006). Thus, karst terrains and karstic processes are very significant components of the physical geography of the Mediterranean basin. Indeed, along with the climate and the vegetation, it can be argued that limestone landscapes (including limestone bedrock coasts) are one of the defining characteristics of the Mediterranean environment. Much of the northern coastline is flanked by mountains with bare limestone hillslopes (Figure 10.2) drained by short and steep river systems whose headwaters commonly lie in well-developed karst terrain. Karst terrains are also well developed in the Levant and in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco and Algeria, while relict karst features can be identified in the low-relief desert regions of Libya and Egypt (Perritaz 2004) (Figure 10.1). Mediterranean karst environments are also associated with distinctive soils, habitats and ecosystems as described in Chapters 5, 6, and 23. The nature and evolution of the karst landscapes across the Mediterranean region displays considerable spatial variability due to contrasts in relief, bedrock composition and structure, climatic history, and other factors. The karst geomorphological system is distinguished from other systems (e.g. glacial, fluvial, coastal, and aeolian) because of the dominant role of dissolution which results in water flowing in a subterranean circulation system rather than in surface channels (Ford 2004).

General: Wassizy Leontief et al: The Future of the World Economv: A United Nations Study. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1977, vii, 110., Rs. 25.

1978 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-588 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asia ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

GENERAL: WASSILY LEONTIEF et al: The Future of the World Economy: A United Nations Study GENERAL: P.M. SHARMA: Politics of Peace: UN General Assembly GENERAL: S.L. GOEL: International Administration: WHO South-East Asia Regional Office GENERAL: STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE: Strategic Disarmament, Verification and National Security GENERAL: DENIS HAYES: Rays of Hope: The Transition to a Post-Petroleum World GENERAL: R.J. RUMMEL: Peace Endangered: The Reality of Detente GENERAL: ANTHONY M. BURTON: Urban Terrorism: Theory, Practice and Response GENERAL: Ved Prakash Verma: Idea of Ideas: The Law of Synoptic View GENERAL: Frank Thakurdas: The English Utilitarians and The Idealists: An Introductory Study of the Development of English Political Theory in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century SOVIET UNION: Roy A. Medvedev and Zhores A. Medvedev: Khrushchev: The Years in Power SOVIET UNION: Vinod Mehta: Soviet Economic Development and Structure SOVIET UNION: Jaweed Ashraf: Soviet Education: Theory and Practice SOVIET UNION: G.D. Sane: Soviet Agriculture: Trials and Triumphs SOUTHEAST ASIA: Ron Huisken: Arms Limitation in South-east Asia: A Proposal SOUTHEAST ASIA: Ralph Petiman: Small Power Politics and International Relations in South East Asia SOUTHEAST ASIA: Claude A. Buss: The United States and The Philippines: Background for Policy SOUTHEAST ASIA: B. Ckakravorty: Australia's Military Alliances: A Study in Foreign and Defence Policies SOUTHEAST ASIA: Raju G.C. Thomas: The Defence of India: A Budgetary Perspective of Strategy and Politics SOUTHEAST ASIA: H.R. Chaturvedi: Bureaucracy and the Local Community: Dynamics of Rural Development SOUTHEAST ASIA: Institute of Applied Manpower Research: Manpower Development in Rural India: A Case Study SOUTHEAST ASIA: G. Thimmaiah: Burden of Union Loans on the States SOUTHEAST ASIA: B.N. Choubey: Institutional Finance for Agricultural Development SOUTHEAST ASIA: Paras Diwan: Abrogation of Forty-Second Amendment; Does Our Constitution Need A Second Look SOUTHEAST ASIA: Myron Weiner: Electoral Politics on the Indian States. Vol. III: The Impact of Modernization SOUTHEAST ASIA: Arun Monappa: The Ethical Attitudes of Indian Managers SOUTHEAST ASIA: Satish Saberwal: Mobile Men: Limits to Social Change in Urban Punjab SOUTHEAST ASIA: Jayanta Bhusan Bhattacharjee: The Garos and the English, 1765–1874 SOUTHEAST ASIA: T.K. Jayaraman: Economic Co-operation in the Indian Sub-continent SOUTHEAST ASIA: G.S. Lokhande: Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar: A Study in Social Democracy SOUTHEAST ASIA: R.D. Suman, Ed.: Dr. Ambedkar: Pioneer of Human Rights

Landforms of Southeast Asia

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avijit Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
Coastal Plains ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Intermontane Basins

Southeast Asia is a corner of the continent of Asia which ends in an assemblage of peninsulas, archipelagos, and partially enclosed seas. Towards the northwest, the physical contact of this region with the rest of Asia is via a mountainous region that includes the eastern Tibetan Plateau, the eastern Himalaya Mountains, the hills and plateaux of Assam (India) and of Yunnan (China). From this high region a number of large, elongated river basins run north–south or northwest–southeast. These are the basins of rivers such as the Irrawaddy, Salween, Chao Phraya, Mekong, and Sông Hóng (Red). An east–west traverse across the mainland part of Southeast Asia, therefore, is a repetition of alluvium-filled valleys of large rivers separated by mountain chains or plateaux. To the south and to the east are coastal plains, rocky peninsulas, and a number of deltas. Beyond lies the outer margin of Southeast Asia, the arcuate islands of Indonesia, and the Philippines with steep volcanic slopes, intermontane basins, and flat coastal plains of varying size. This assemblage of landforms has resulted from a combination of plate tectonics, Pleistocene history, Holocene geomorphic processes, and anthropogenic modifications of the landscape. Most of the world has been shaped by such a combination, but unlike the rest of the world, in Southeast Asia all four are important. The conventional wisdom of a primarily climate-driven tropical geomorphology is untenable here. The first two factors, plate tectonics and the Pleistocene history, have been discussed in Chapters 1 and 2 respectively. In the Holocene, Southeast Asia has been affected by the following phenomena: • The sea rose to its present level several thousand years ago. • The present natural vegetation, a major part of which includes a set of rainforest formations, achieved its distribution. • A hot and humid climate became the norm, except in the high altitudes and the extreme northern parts. • The dual monsoon systems blowing from the northeast in the northern hemispheric winter and from the southwest in the summer (and in general producing a large volume of precipitation) became strongly developed.

scholarly journals PERKEMBANGAN KONSEP PENDIDIKAN BAHASA ARAB DI ASIA TENGGARA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 177-191
Author(s):  
Ihsan Sa'dudin ◽  
Eka Safitri
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The State ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Asian Region ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
The World ◽  
Holy Book

Arabic education is a necessity for people who are Muslim. Islam is spreadthroughout the world including the Southeast Asian region. Southeast Asia, whichincludes the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singaporeand others who have a majority Muslim population. Islam entered the regionpeacefully, making it easier for development and its spread. The development andspread of Islam along with learning Arabic, because Arabic is the language of theMuslim holy book. However, the provision of education and learning in Arabicvaries from country to country even though it is still in one region of SoutheastAsia. The concepts of Arabic language education applied are strongly influencedby the state of government in these countries.

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