scholarly journals Length Matters: Keeping Atomic Wires in Check

2015 ◽  
Vol 1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Cunningham ◽  
Tchavdar N. Todorov ◽  
Daniel Dundas
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Phonon Modes ◽  
Atomic Wires ◽  
Length Increase ◽  
Frictional Forces ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Ion Kinetic Energy ◽  
System Length ◽  
Real Time Simulations

ABSTRACTDynamical effects of non-conservative forces in long, defect free atomic wires are investigated. Current flow through these wires is simulated and we find that during the initial transient, the kinetic energies of the ions are contained in a small number of phonon modes, closely clustered in frequency. These phonon modes correspond to the waterwheel modes determined from preliminary static calculations. The static calculations allow one to predict the appearance of non-conservative effects in advance of the more expensive real-time simulations. The ion kinetic energy redistributes across the band as non-conservative forces reach a steady state with electronic frictional forces. The typical ion kinetic energy is found to decrease with system length, increase with atomic mass, and its dependence on bias, mass and length is supported with a pen and paper model. This paper highlights the importance of non-conservative forces in current carrying devices and provides criteria for the design of stable atomic wires.

THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN ADSORPTION ON THE CONDUCTIVITY OF PBTE FILMS.

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (8(77)) ◽  
pp. 21-23
Author(s):  
S.N. Sarmasov ◽  
R.Sh. Rahimov ◽  
T.Sh. Abdullayev
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Region ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Oxygen Adsorption ◽  
Tunneling Mechanism ◽  
Pn Junction ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Pn Junctions ◽  
Effect Of Oxygen

The effect of oxygen adsorption on the conductivity of PbTe films is studied. Pn junctions based on PbTe films are photosensitive in the IR spectral region with a maximum photosensitivity of 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 microns. The tunneling mechanism of current flow through the pn junction is shown.

Water Temperature Control Using PID Control System Based on LabVIEW

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Ari Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Pid Control ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Pid Controller ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Digital Thermometer ◽  
Flow Through

Abstract - Automatic system have grown widespread across all sector so do water heater. Traditionally, heating water is done by utilizing fire as heat source. As the growing of technology, the heating process could be done by manipulating electrical energy by convert it to heat. Electrical energy is flown to a metal rod that contact directly with the water which increase the water temperature. On some case, appropiate water temperature is needed. Altough, a thermometer is needed to read the actual temperature as a feedback value for the system and a system that can control the electricity current flow through the heater that the heat produced is linear to the current flow. With implementing microcontroller as a process node for generating PWM signal, this problem can be solved. Also, Labview is needed as an interface for monitoring and bursting an output which have been processed by Proportional, Integral, and Devivative (PID) controller to producing accurate and stable heat. Based on the results of testing, the system is able to provide a rapid response to any changes that occur, both changes in set-point and changes in water temperature (actual value). Another test is done by comparing the temperature value detected by the temperature sensor in this device with an external digital thermometer placed in the same place, and from some of the tests the temperature value detected by the temperature sensor in this device has a difference of ± 0.19 ℃ with a digital thermometer. Keyword : Water Heater, Thermometer, Microcontroller, LabView, PID.

Current flow through a nonuniform metal-GaAs contact

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Belyaev ◽  
G.K. Beketov ◽  
G.E. Chaika ◽  
R.V. Konakova ◽  
V.G. Lyapin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Flow ◽  
Flow Through

Ion Kinetic Energy Determinations in Radio-Frequency Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry

1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 917-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula R. Cable ◽  
R. Kenneth Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Glow Discharge ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Plasma ◽  
Radio Frequency Glow Discharge ◽  
Ion Trajectory ◽  
Ion Kinetic Energy

Radio-frequency glow discharge (rf-GD) sources produce an abundance of both atoms and ions. For the mass spectrometric application of the glow discharge technique, knowledge of the ion kinetic energies is required to optimize extraction and focusing of ions from the source region into the analyzer. This paper details kinetic energies experimentally determined with the use of the “retarding potential” method. For this study, the analyzer quadrupole of a double-quadrupole mass spectrometer was positively biased to act as a repeller. Ion kinetic energies (IKEs) determined for a variety of discharge and analyzer operating conditions ranged from 12.5 eV to 25.0 eV for 63Cu+. Kinetic energy measurements were confirmed from ion trajectory simulations and follow closely the experimental values for identical analyzer conditions and initial IKEs. Results of this study indicate that the conditions under which ions are formed (plasma conditions) affect IKEs and energy spreads to a greater extent than analyzer parameter variations. Different from atmospheric plasma sources, IKEs for rf-GD species do not vary as a function of ion mass/identity. Evidence is also given in support of a slight mass biasing owing to the transmission properties of double-quadrupole analyzers. The findings detailed herein demonstrate the effects of rf modulation on both ion kinetic energy values and distributions.

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy under large current flow through the sample

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 073710 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Maldonado ◽  
I. Guillamón ◽  
H. Suderow ◽  
S. Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Current Flow ◽  
Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy ◽  
Tunneling Spectroscopy ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Large Current ◽  
Flow Through

Structural and Electrical Properties of Titania Thin Films

2014 ◽  
Vol 925 ◽  
pp. 300-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharipah Nadzirah ◽  
Uda Hashim ◽  
N. Malihah
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Structural And Electrical Properties ◽  
Crystallite Sizes ◽  
Average Current ◽  
Flow Through

This research studies the properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles synthesized by two different stabilizers via sol-gel method. Acetic and hydrochloric acids have been used as stabilizers to form two different TiO2 thin films. 100 μm gap of Al IDEs have been fabricated on each annealed TiO2 films. Finally the samples were physically and electrically characterized. Average crystallite sizes of the nanoparticles are 20 and 25 nm for acetic and hydrochloric acid respectively. The average current flow through the devices was extremely small which are around micro-to-nanoampere. It was found that the electrical conductivity increased significantly when particle sizes decreases.

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