The Impact of Increased Waste Loading on Vitrified HLW Quality and Durability

2009 ◽  
Vol 1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick R Gribble ◽  
Rick Short ◽  
Edward Turner ◽  
Andrew D Riley
Keyword(s):  
Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Incorporation Rate ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Processing Line ◽  
Operational Envelope ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe Sellafield Waste Vitrification Plant (WVP) immobilises highly active liquid waste (HAL) arising from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel in the UK. In order to optimise WVP operations a full scale working replica of a WVP processing line, the Vitrification Test Rig (VTR), was constructed to processes non-active HAL simulants. Recently the VTR has been used to determine an operational envelope for the vitrification of HAL from Magnox reprocessing at a waste oxide incorporation rate in glass of up to 35wt% (compared to a “standard” incorporation rate of 25wt%). This paper discusses the differences in operating conditions necessary to achieve acceptable waste throughput at the increased incorporation rate. The chemical durability of the resulting vitrified product is also discussed, along with the formation of secondary phases, and a comparison is drawn between 35wt% incorporation glasses and products made at the standard 25wt% incorporation.

DTI Nuclear Legacy Programme: Andreeva Bay

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Smith-Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Spent Fuel ◽  
North West ◽  
Management Consultants ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
The Uk

Andreeva Bay is located in the Zapadnaya sea inlet at the extreme North-West of the Kola Peninsula (Russian Federation), about 40km from the Norwegian border. It is rather inaccessible, except by sea and the nearest town with facilities for Western visitors is Murmansk some 80km to the SE. Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) was initially stored in two large pools within building 5, however after serious leaks the fuel was transferred to an external “drystore” constructed by adapting three existing concrete tanks, previously allocated for the storage of liquid radwaste. There are currently approximately 20,000 spent fuel assemblies (SFA) stored within the three tanks. The storage conditions of the assemblies are less than adequate, the steel canisters used to store the assemblies are in poor condition and their standard of manufacture was not good. Shielding is locally inadequate and the concrete roof segments are ill fitting with snowmelt known to enter the tanks. Building 5 still contains some fuel fragments that could not readily be moved. The remaining water and structure remain highly active and this included some 4000Ci in sludge and debris at the bottom of the pool. The UK has agreed to support activities to improve the conditions at Andreeva Bay, with respect to SNF management, and DTI (Department of Trade and Industry) have appointed RWE NUKEM as their project management consultants for their Nuclear Legacy Programme in North-West Russia. A number of projects have been identified by the Russian Federation Ministry of Atomic Energy, MINATOM, and these are currently in the project definition stage. These include the characterisation of Building 5, an options study for SNF management at the site, and the construction of a cover for Tank 3a. This paper will describe the current conditions with respect to spent nuclear fuel at Andreeva bay and will discuss the proposed projects under consideration for funding by DTI.

Remnant Life Assessment of Platformer Heater T9 Tubes Using API 579 Omega Method

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ohgeon Kwon ◽  
Charles Thomas ◽  
David Knowles ◽  
Andrew Saunders-Tack
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
Omega Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Operational Envelope ◽  
The Impact

Tubes operated in furnaces are known to suffer from damage as a result of time dependent strain, i.e. creep. As such there is a need to predict remaining life. The MPC Omega Method has been adopted by API (API 579 “Fitness for Service”) as the standard method of life assessment and has been used to perform a remnant life assessment on a platformer furnace. Samples of T9 tubes were removed from the heater based on site inspection to determine the levels of strain. This inspection was undertaken after 224,000 hours operation at a process gas outlet temperature of 540°C. The uncertainty caused by the difference in life based either on minimum and mean material properties, indicates the necessity of proceeding to a Level 3 assessment in order to determine the actual material properties. The results of this approach using the API 579 Omega method demonstrated that the hot face material had properties within the scatter band, mid-way between the mean and minimum data lines and provided confidence as to the remaining life. The Omega approach successfully allowed the impact of variations in future operating conditions to be explored providing information to set the operational envelope and define inspection and replacement strategies.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

Truck Tire Operating Temperatures on Flat and Curved Test Surfaces

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. LaClair ◽  
C. Zarak
Keyword(s):  
Flat Surface ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Load Pressure ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Endurance Testing ◽  
Operating Temperatures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tread Rubber ◽  
Cylindrical Test

Abstract Operating temperature is critical to the endurance life of a tire. Fundamental differences between operations of a tire on a flat surface, as experienced in normal highway use, and on a cylindrical test drum may result in a substantially higher tire temperature in the latter case. Nonetheless, cylindrical road wheels are widely used in the industry for tire endurance testing. This paper discusses the important effects of surface curvature on truck tire endurance testing and highlights the impact that curvature has on tire operating temperature. Temperature measurements made during testing on flat and curved surfaces under a range of load, pressure and speed conditions are presented. New tires and re-treaded tires of the same casing construction were evaluated to determine the effect that the tread rubber and pattern have on operating temperatures on the flat and curved test surfaces. The results of this study are used to suggest conditions on a road wheel that provide highway-equivalent operating conditions for truck tire endurance testing.

Exploring the Benefits of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) and the Mechanism for Automated 5D BIM Quantification Process in Offsite Modular Construction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tochukwu Moses ◽  
David Heesom ◽  
David Oloke ◽  
Martin Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Modular Construction ◽  
Automated Quantification ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Project Risks ◽  
Value Add ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level 2

The UK Construction Industry through its Government Construction Strategy has recently been mandated to implement Level 2 Building Information Modelling (BIM) on public sector projects. This move, along with other initiatives is key to driving a requirement for 25% cost reduction (establishing the most cost-effective means) on. Other key deliverables within the strategy include reduction in overall project time, early contractor involvement, improved sustainability and enhanced product quality. Collaboration and integrated project delivery is central to the level 2 implementation strategy yet the key protocols or standards relative to cost within BIM processes is not well defined. As offsite construction becomes more prolific within the UK construction sector, this construction approach coupled with BIM, particularly 5D automated quantification process, and early contractor involvement provides significant opportunities for the sector to meet government targets. Early contractor involvement is supported by both the industry and the successive Governments as a credible means to avoid and manage project risks, encourage innovation and value add, making cost and project time predictable, and improving outcomes. The contractor is seen as an expert in construction and could be counter intuitive to exclude such valuable expertise from the pre-construction phase especially with the BIM intent of äóÖbuild it twiceäó», once virtually and once physically. In particular when offsite construction is used, the contractoräó»s construction expertise should be leveraged for the virtual build in BIM-designed projects to ensure a fully streamlined process. Building in a layer of automated costing through 5D BIM will bring about a more robust method of quantification and can help to deliver the 25% reduction in overall cost of a project. Using a literature review and a case study, this paper will look into the benefits of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) and the impact of 5D BIM on the offsite construction process.

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