Response of black mulberry onto white mulberry rootstock to stenting (cutting-grafting) techniques and IBA concentrations

Ornamental black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) is used in landscape. Ornamental black mulberry which has high shade, tolerates air pollution and wind. White mulberry (Morus alba L.) is proper for kind of soils conditions. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effects of stenting methods and IBA levels on some characters of black mulberry scions onto white mulberry rootstock for the first time. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out as factorial in completely randomized design with 10 replications. Two factors were including two stenting method (splice and omega) and three levels of Indole-3-butyric acid (0, 500 and 1000 mg L-1). Three months after grafting, percentage of rootstock callus formation, percentage of rooting, percentage of leaf formation, number of leaf formation, the longest shoot and the longest root formation were measured. Results showed that the effect of stenting method was significant on all of evaluated parameters and splice method was superior to omega method. Also, the effects of different levels of IBA were significant on all of measured traits and they are increased by increasing the levels of IBA and the best was with 1000 mg L-1. The interaction effects of these factors are significant on all of measured characteristics except for percentage of rootstock callus formation and rooting percentage. In conclusion, the stenting via splice method had higher success in comparison with omega method and the morphological traits increased by increasing the application of higher levels of IBA. The application of stenting method by splice plus 1000 mg L-1 IBA which was carried out for the first time is recommended for reproduction of ornamental black mulberry onto white mulberry.

Estimating the uncertainty of measurements of thermal conductivity of thin films of thermoelectrics with the 3-omega method

Using the method of computer simulation, the uncertainty of measurements of the thermal conductivity of silicon, which is often used as substrates, and also thin films based on bismuth, is estimated. The influence of the application of an additional dielectric layer between the thermoelectric film and the resistive heater on the measurement results is shown.

Relations between shear flow and vortices in the near wake of a high speed train

Two flow cases for high speed train models with different lengths have been numerically computed by performing the improved delayed detached-eddy simulation. Based on the Omega method and turbulence production (TP) distribution, the relations between the shear flow and vortices in the near turbulent wake of a high speed train have been comparatively analyzed. First, in the wake region immediately close to the tail, the boundary layer separation plays significant roles. And the mechanism makes shear deformation prominent in the region with the formed vortices. Moreover, the shear layers are pertinent to the boundary-layer thicknesses and help to the TP distribution. However, the shear-dominated region is very limited due to high dissipation. One the other hand, a vast majority of the vortices captured with the parameter Omega increasing in the downstream region away from the tail. And the TP distributions are stable at different streamwise positions, though obviously decreased. They are greatly attributed to the mean strain rate in the horizontal plane. Meanwhile, the vortical vorticity is thought to be the dominant component inside the vortex cores, although the shear becomes weaker. And thus the turbulence itself can be spatially sustained due to the relatively stable vortex structure. Moreover, the weak shear is believed to depend upon the interaction between the vortices and the ground.

Thermal Conductivity of Nano-Crystallized Indium-Gallium-Zinc Oxide Thin Films Determined by Differential Three-Omega Method

The temperature dependence thermal conductivity of the indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) thin films was investigated with the differential three-omega method for the clear demonstration of nanocrystallinity. The thin films were deposited on an alumina (α-Al2O3) substrate by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering at different oxygen partial pressures ([PO2] = 0%, 10%, and 65%). Their thermal conductivities at room temperature were measured to be 1.65, 1.76, and 2.58 Wm−1K−1, respectively. The thermal conductivities decreased with an increase in the ambient measurement temperature. This thermal property is similar to that of crystalline materials. Electron microscopy observations revealed the presence of nanocrystals embedded in the amorphous matrix of the IGZO films. The typical size of the nanocrystals was approximately 2–5 nm with the lattice distance of about 0.24–0.26 nm. These experimental results indicate that the nanocrystalline microstructure controls the heat conduction in the IGZO films.