scholarly journals Macrofungi of the altitudinal gradient, Northern Rocky Mountains

10.15788/8101 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
John Keck ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Rocky Mountain Region ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Study Sites

Macrofungal communities of four altitudinal zones of the Northern Rocky Mountain region are described and compared with respect to species richness, production (g/100m2/yr), functional structure (mycorrhizal vs. decomposer), seasonality of activity and relationship to temperature and rainfall. Two study sites of 100m2 were established in grasslands, Douglas-fir forest, subalpine fir (spruce-fir) forest and in the alpine. Each study site was visited fortnightly during the collecting season (May-September) in 1997 and 1998, monthly in 1999, with a limited number of trips to the alpine. All fungal sporocarps were collected, dried, weighed, and identified to species when possible. Soil moisture and soil temperature readings were taken at each visit during 1997 and 1998. Species richness varied with the elevational gradient from three species collected in grasslands, 60 species collected in Douglas-fir forests, 61 species collected in subalpine fir forests, and zero species collected in the alpine. Sixty-five species (out of 100 total species) fruited only during the wettest year of the study, 1997. Standing crop estimates ranged from 0.0002 to 0.005 g/100m2 in grassland, 0.01 to 2.16 g/100m2 in Douglas-fir forests, 0.04 to 1.63 g/100m2 in subalpine fir (spruce-fir forests) and no sporocarps were collected in the alpine. Standing crop was greatest in the grassland and forest sites in the wettest year, 1997. Species richness and production peaked earlier in the Douglas-fir forests (June), than in subalpine fir forests (August and September). With the majority of fungal species in the study fruiting only in the wettest year (1997), one might conclude that collecting sporocarps in a wet year provides a better indication of species richness than collecting in several typical (dry) years. The 100m2 plot size used in this study may bias for the sampling of saprophytic species, and may under-sample the more patchily distributed mycorrhizal species.

Nitrogen fixation in woody residue of northern Rocky Mountain conifer forests

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1283-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Jurgensen ◽  
M. J. Larsen ◽  
R. T. Graham ◽  
A. E. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Montana ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Rocky Mountain Region ◽  
Northern Idaho

N fixation rates, as estimated by the acetylene reduction technique, were determined for large woody residues on four old growth conifer sites in western Montana and northern Idaho. Residue loadings ranged from <50 Mg ha−1 on a warm, dry Douglas-fir site in Montana to >150 Mg ha−1 on a highly productive, wet, cedar–hemlock site in northern Idaho. Lignin and carbohydrate analyses indicated that wood on these sites was being decayed primarily by brown rot fungi. Ethylene production rates increased on all sites as wood decay progressed. Assuming that N-fixing bacteria were active for 180 days year−1, N fixed in woody residues ranged from a high of nearly 1.5 kg ha−1 year−1 on a cedar–hemlock site to a low of 0.16 kg ha−1 year−1 on a Douglas-fir site. The application of the N fixation results from this study to the northern Rocky Mountain region indicated that the majority of stands in the Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, and cedar–hemlock cover types would have N gains <0.5 kg ha−1 year−1. However, in some areas where residue loadings are heavy, such as overmature stands on cool, moist sites, or following harvesting, N gains could be much greater.

The Life History and Habits of Scolytus unispinosus Leconte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the Interior of British Columbia

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. McMullen ◽  
M. D. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Rocky Mountain Region ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Standing Timber

The Douglas-fir engraver, Scolytus unispinosus Leconte, is a common bark beetle throughout the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain Region of North America. Although it occasionally kills young trees (Chamberlin, 1939), it is of minor economic importance, usually confining its attack to tops, limbs and logging slash. In standing timber it acts primarily as a secondary insect, attacking the tops and branches of trees killed or severely weakened by other agents. In the interior of British Columbia it is commonly found in Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and thus it is of interest as an associate of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. Two other bark beetles Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (Leconte) and Scolytus tsugae (Swaine) with similar associations were studied earlier (Walters and McMullen, 1956; McMullen and Atkins, 1959).

Species richness and abundance of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete sporocarps on a moisture gradient in the Tsuga heterophylla zone

2000 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 1699-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E O'Dell ◽  
Joseph F Ammirati ◽  
Edward G Schreiner
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
National Park ◽  
Environmental Gradient ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Olympic National Park ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

Sporocarps of epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungi and vegetation data were collected from eight Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. - Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco stands along a wet to dry gradient in Olympic National Park, Washington, U.S.A. One hundred and fifty species of ectomycorrhizal fungi were collected from a total sample area of 2.08 ha. Over 2 years, fungal species richness ranged from 19 to 67 taxa per stand. Sporocarp standing crop ranged from 0 to 3.8 kg/ha, averaging 0.58 kg/ha, 0.06 kg/ha in spring and 0.97 kg/ha in fall. Sporocarp standing crop and fungal species richness were correlated with precipitation. These results demonstrated that ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarp abundance and species richness can be partly explained in terms of an environmental gradient.

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE INSECT FAUNA OF DOUGLAS FIR (PSEUDOTSUGA MUCRONATA RAFINESQUE) IN THE NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION

1938 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 188-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Bedard
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mountain Region ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Coeur D'alene ◽  
Annotated List ◽  
Field Laboratory ◽  
Rocky Mountain Region

This list is a record of insects which have been found in or on Douglas fir in the northern Rocky Mountain region by personnel of the Forest Insect Field Laboratory at Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. It comprises insects which feed upon the tree, as well as the parasites and associates of these insects. Of the 153 species listed, 102 were collected by the writer while making a study of the Douglas fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.). The remainder are listed in the laboratory records and were collected by J. C. Evenden, R. E. Balch, H. J. Rust, and D. DeLeon.

Diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungal sporocarps in a variably thinned Douglas-fir forest

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1259-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wes Colgan III ◽  
Andrew B Carey ◽  
James M Trappe ◽  
Randy Molina ◽  
David Thysell
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Variable Density ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Hypogeous Fungi ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Crop Biomass ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Although ecosystem management techniques are designed to enhance species diversity in managed forests, no comprehensive study has been conducted to evaluate effects of such techniques on diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungi (truffles). During this study, truffles were collected in a 55- to 65-year-old Douglas-fir forest from March 1993 through December 1995 at approximately 6-week intervals. Half of the stands served as controls, half were assigned a variable density thinning (VDT) treatment. A VDT stand comprised a mosaic of patches thinned to different densities of standing live trees. To further evaluate the effect of harvesting impacts, this mosaic was divided into two thinning categories, lightly thinned and heavily thinned areas. Truffle standing crop varied greatly but generally was highest in spring with a smaller peak in the fall. At least some sporocarps were found year round, with winter having the lowest biomass and species richness. Overall standing crop biomass (over all seasons) was significantly lower in VDT stands compared with control stands. The abundance of Gautieria and Hysterangium species was lower in thinned stands, while Melanogaster species diversity and productivity were highest in these stands.

scholarly journals Forest tree species composition and abiotic site conditions drive soil fungal communities and functional groups

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Likulunga Emmanuel Likulunga ◽  
Carmen Alicia Rivera P&eacuterez ◽  
Dominik Schneider ◽  
Rolf Daniel ◽  
Andrea Polle
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Tree Species Composition

Soil fungi, especially the functional guilds of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi, play a central role in ecosystem processes by degrading litter, mining for mineral nutrients and linking above- and belowground nutrient fluxes. Fungal community structures are influenced by abiotic habitat filters and management decisions such as tree species selection. Yet, the implications of the enrichment of temperate forests consisting of tree species in their natural range with non-native tree species on soil fungal diversity and their functional groups are unknown. Here, we studied fungal communities in 40 plots located in two regions differing in site conditions (nutrient content and soil moisture) in forests composed of European beech, Norway spruce and Douglas-fir (non-native) and mixtures of beech with either spruce or Douglas-fir. We hypothesized that fungal community structures are driven by soil resources and tree species composition, generally resulting in higher fungal diversity in mixed than in mono-specific forests. We further hypothesized that Douglas-fir has a negative effect on ectomycorrhizal fungal species richness compared to native species, whereas saprotrophic fungal richness is unaffected. We found strong separation of fungal communities between nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor sites and taxonomic divergence between beech and conifer fungal communities and an intermediate pattern in mixed forests. Mycorrhizal species richness did not vary with forest type, but the relative abundance of mycorrhizal species was lower in Douglas-fir and in mixed beech-Douglas-fir forests than in spruce or beech-spruce mixture. Conifer forests contained higher relative abundances of saprotrophic fungi than mono-specific beech forests. Among 16 abundant fungal orders in soil, two containing saprotrophic fungi (Tremellales, Hymenochaetales) were enriched in conifer forests, regardless of site conditions and tree species mixture. The other fungal orders, including those dominated by mycorrhizal fungi (Russulales, Boletales, Atheliales, Cantharellales) showed variable patterns depending on site conditions and tree species. In conclusion, Douglas-fir mono-specific or mixed forests show no loss of fungal species richness, but a shift in functional composition towards saprotrophic fungi.

scholarly journals Diversity of Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Two Forest Sites from Kabylia of Djurdjura, Northern Algeria

Sociobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. e6232
Author(s):  
Sadou Sid-Ali ◽  
Sadoudi Ali-Ahmed Djamila ◽  
Metna Ali-Ahmed Fatiha ◽  
Ourrad Ouiza ◽  
Slimani Said
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Species Occurrence ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Northern Algeria ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Number Of Individuals

The current study deals with the diversity of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Kabylia of Djurdjura. It has been carried out in two forest sites from the localities of Azeffoun and Assi-Youcef, Tizi Ouzou (northern Algeria). Two sampling methods were adopted: manual capture and pitfall traps. Various community metrics were used as key elements to assess ant biodiversity within the two study sites. They included the species richness, the relative abundance, the constancy, and the Shannon-Weaver and equitability indices. Our inventory allowed identifying 24 species belonging to 12 genera and three subfamilies, which are the Myrmicinae (58%), the Formicinae (34%), and the Dolichoderinae (08%). The highest species richness was registered for the two first subfamilies, while the subfamily Dolichoderinae dominated numerically. The Site of Azeffoun, which is more submitted to human activities, recorded higher values in the number of individuals, the species richness, and the Shannon-Weaver diversity index. However, the difference between the two sites consisted mainly of the rare species, such as Crematogaster laestrygon, Goniomma sp. and Palagiolepis sp., which were present in the Azeffoun site. The local site conditions certainly have played a key role in ant species occurrence within the two study areas. Azeffoun is more disturbed than Assi-Youcef, resulting in the recruitment of much more rare and accidental species in the first site. In contrast, the rate of accessory to omnipresent species is substantially higher in Assi-Youcef, which recorded a high species evenness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the ant genus Formica in Kabylia of Djurdjura.

Life-History and Habits of Scolytus tsugae (Swaine) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the Interior of British Columbia

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 416-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. McMullen ◽  
M. D. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Life History ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Rocky Mountain Region ◽  
The Pacific

Scolytus tsugae (Swaine) is a bark beetle that occurs throughout the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain Region and is common in the interior of British Columbia. Although Bedard (1938) reported that it had killed small areas of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) reproduction, it is of minor economic importance and usually confines its attack to tops, limbs, and logging slash. A knowledge of the life-history and habits of this insect is desirable for an understanding of the effects of interspecific competition on the development of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., with which it is often associated in Douglas fir.

scholarly journals Fungal diversity in selected coastal mangrove ecosystems in East Berbice Corentyne, Guyana, South America

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-146
Author(s):  
Wazim R Sharif ◽  
Phillip NB Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
Study Sites

There is limited data on the fungal diversity in mangrove ecosystems in Guyana. This study investigated fungal diversity during the dry season in three selected coastal mangrove ecosystems along the Corentyne Coast of East Berbice, Guyana. Sampling was conducted within randomly established 50 m x 50 m plots containing 20 mini transects of length 12.5 m x 10 m in the overwash mangrove ecosystem at each of six study sites within the three study locations. Samples retrieved from the study plots included leaf, bark, soil and fruiting bodies. These were placed into separate bags and labelled appropriately. Environmental parameters were recorded at each study plot. Fruiting bodies were used to identify macrofungal species, and the leaf, bark and soil were used to prepare cultures from which microfungal samples were identified. The species that were identified were used to compile a checklist of fungal species, and diversity indices were calculated. A total of thirty (30) species were recorded, nine (9) of which were microfungi identified from the cultured samples and twenty-one (21) species were identified from macrofungal fruiting bodies retrieved at the study sites. The results further revealed that an increase in pH and salinity and a decrease in temperature resulted in an increase in species richness. Tidal activity also appeared to reduce species richness. Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Trichoderma were the dominant species at the three study sites with high relative species abundance. There also appeared to be some instances of substrate specificity.

scholarly journals Species richness and community composition of sphingid moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) along an elevational gradient in southeast Peru

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton A. Sublett ◽  
Jerry L. Cook ◽  
John P. Janovec
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Energy Dynamics ◽  
Richness Pattern ◽  
Study Sites

A clear low-elevation skewed unimodal richness pattern is presented for hawkmoths in Southeast Peru. Several hypotheses offer plausible explanations for such a distribution. The effects of water-energy dynamics are partially supported by a strong correlation between temperature and species richness at higher elevations. Further, hypotheses of plant diversity influences on hawkmoth ranges are supported by species richness peaking in transitional habitats. Sphingid subfamilies do not appear to be influenced by habitat type or elevational factors, such as temperature. This may make subfamily analysis a poor means of characterizing sphingid community composition unless study sites vary in the level of disturbance. This study documents 134 species in 23 genera of Sphingidae from five Southeastern Peru sites from the 7,545 specimens collected for the study.

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