scholarly journals Organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation in 2019. 12th report from the Registry of the Russian Transplant Society

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-34
Author(s):  
S. V. Gautier ◽  
S. M. Khomyakov
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Moscow Oblast ◽  
Heart Transplants ◽  
The Russian Federation

Objective: to monitor current trends and developments in organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation based on the 2019 data. Materials and methods. Heads of organ transplant centers were surveyed. Data obtained over years from federal subjects of the Russian Federation and from organ transplant centers in the country were analyzed and compared. Results. Based on data retrieved from the 2019 Registry, only 46 kidney, 31 liver and 17 heart transplant centers were functioning in Russia. In 2019, there were 6,878 potential recipients in the kidney transplant waitlist. This represents 13.7% of the 50,000 dialysis patients in the country. Donation activity in 2019 reached 5.0 per million population; multi-organ procurement rate was 71.6%; 2.9 organs on average were procured from one effective donor. In 2019, there were 10.0 kidney transplants per million population, 4.0 liver transplants per million population and 2.3 heart transplants per million people. Same year, the number of transplant surgeries performed in Russia rose 10.7% from the previous year. Moscow and Moscow Oblast alone have 13 functioning organ transplantation centers. They account for half of all kidney transplant surgeries and 70% of all liver and heart transplants performed in the country. Organ recipients in the Russian Federation have exceeded 16,000 in number. Conclusion. Organ transplantations in Russia keep on increasing – 10–15% per year. Donor and transplant programs are also becoming more effective and efficient. However, the demand for organ transplants far exceeds the current supply of available organs in the Russian Federation. Peculiarities of the development of organ donation and organ transplantation in Russia in 2019 were associated with some factors, such as structure and geographical location of transplant centers, waitlisting of patients, funding sources and amount, and management of donor and transplant programs. The national transplantation registry will be developed taking into account new monitoring and analysis challenges.

scholarly journals Organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation in 2020 13th Report from the Registry of the Russian Transplant Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-34
Author(s):  
S. V. Gautier ◽  
S. M. Khomyakov
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Organ Transplants ◽  
Kidney Transplants ◽  
Heart Transplants ◽  
Data Control ◽  
The Russian Federation

Objective: to monitor the current trends and developments in organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation based on the 2020 data.Materials and methods. Heads of organ transplant centers were surveyed through questionnaires. Data control was done using the information accounting system of the Russian Ministry of Health. Between separate federal subjects of the Russian Federation and between transplantation centers, comparative analysis of data obtained over years was performed.Results. Based on data retrieved from the 2020 Registry, 44 kidney, 29 liver and 16 heart transplantation programs were functioning in the Russian Federation in 2020. The kidney transplant waitlist in 2020 included about 11.5% of the total 60,000 patients receiving dialysis. Organ donation activity in 2020 was 3.9 per million population, with a 74.6% multi-organ procurement rate and an average of 2.9 organs being procured from one effective donor. In 2020, there were 7.7 kidney transplants per million population, 3.8 liver transplants per million population and 1.7 heart transplants per million population. Same year, the number of transplant surgeries performed in the Russian Federation fell by 19.2% to 13.4 per million population against the background of the outbreak caused by the new coronavirus disease COVID-19. The city of Moscow and the Moscow region in 2020 accounted for 13 out of the 14 functioning organ transplantation centers, performing 66.3% of all kidney transplants and 72.4% of all extrarenal transplants in the country. The number of organ recipients in the Russian Federation have exceeded 130 per million population.Conclusion. In 2020, despite the new coronavirus disease COVID-19 pandemic and accompanying restrictive measures, transplant centers continued to perform organ transplants, run a waiting list and monitor organ recipients. However, the number of effective donors (–22.9%) and organ transplants (–19.2%) decreased, tentatively to the 2017 levels. In 2021, transplant centers with support from health authorities will have to restore the volume of transplant care with consideration to the real needs of the population and the donor resource. The COVID-19 factor, including vaccination of the population, as well as financial support to transplantation programs, will be decisive in shaping the trend of transplantation care and organ donation in the federal subjects of the Russian Federation in the coming 1–2 years.

scholarly journals Analysis of official deceased organ donation data casts doubt on the credibility of China’s organ transplant reform

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Robertson ◽  
Raymond L. Hinde ◽  
Jacob Lavee
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
Anomalous Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Deceased Organ Donation

Abstract Background Since 2010 the People’s Republic of China has been engaged in an effort to reform its system of organ transplantation by developing a voluntary organ donation and allocation infrastructure. This has required a shift in the procurement of organs sourced from China’s prison and security apparatus to hospital-based voluntary donors declared dead by neurological and/or circulatory criteria. Chinese officials announced that from January 1, 2015, hospital-based donors would be the sole source of organs. This paper examines the availability, transparency, integrity, and consistency of China’s official transplant data. Methods Forensic statistical methods were used to examine key deceased organ donation datasets from 2010 to 2018. Two central-level datasets — published by the China Organ Transplant Response System (COTRS) and the Red Cross Society of China — are tested for evidence of manipulation, including conformance to simple mathematical formulae, arbitrary internal ratios, the presence of anomalous data artefacts, and cross-consistency. Provincial-level data in five regions are tested for coherence, consistency, and plausibility, and individual hospital data in those provinces are examined for consistency with provincial-level data. Results COTRS data conforms almost precisely to a mathematical formula (which first appeared to be a general quadratic, but with further confirmatory data was discovered to be a simpler one-parameter quadratic) while Central Red Cross data mirrors it, albeit imperfectly. The analysis of both datasets suggests human-directed data manufacture and manipulation. Contradictory, implausible, or anomalous data artefacts were found in five provincial datasets, suggesting that these data may have been manipulated to enforce conformity with central quotas. A number of the distinctive features of China’s current organ procurement and allocation system are discussed, including apparent misclassification of nonvoluntary donors as voluntary. Conclusion A variety of evidence points to what the authors believe can only be plausibly explained by systematic falsification and manipulation of official organ transplant datasets in China. Some apparently nonvoluntary donors also appear to be misclassified as voluntary. This takes place alongside genuine voluntary organ transplant activity, which is often incentivized by large cash payments. These findings are relevant for international interactions with China’s organ transplantation system.

scholarly journals Principles of implementation of organ preservation activities in a donor hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
S. Y. Pushkin ◽  
A. S. Navasardian ◽  
A. A. Selutin ◽  
K. K. Gubarev ◽  
V. E. Aleksandrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Organ Preservation ◽  
State Level ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Potential Donor ◽  
Administrative Control ◽  
Transplantation Program ◽  
The Russian Federation

The implementation of organ transplantation programs in our country is far from perfect. Many regions do not have transplantation centers, in many regions the work on organ donation is not carried out. Intensification of this vital work is of key importance – the need for organ transplantation remains unfulfilled in many regions of the Russian Federation by 70–90 %. The activity on organ donation must be realized with strict administrative control and administrative stimulation. It does not represent the sphere of interests of particular transplantologists. It is a strategically important task, the implementation of which should be carried out at the state level. The key importance in the implementation of organ transplantation program is the hospital where the potential donor is located, identified and accompanied. In the literature and daily practice the outdated term “donor base” is often used, the use of which we consider unacceptable. The donor hospital is a spring, a source of life, the work in which has a key, starting character.

scholarly journals Analysis of official deceased organ donation data casts doubt on credibility of China’s organ transplant reform

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Peter Robertson ◽  
Raymond L. Hinde ◽  
Jacob Lavee
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
Anomalous Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Deceased Organ Donation

Background: Since 2010 the People’s Republic of China has been engaged in an effort to reform its system of organ transplantation by developing a voluntary organ donation and allocation infrastructure. This has required a shift in the procurement of organs sourced from China’s prison and security apparatus to hospital-based voluntary donors declared dead by neurological and/or circulatory criteria. Chinese officials announced that from January 1, 2015, hospital-based donors would be the sole source of organs. This paper examines the availability, transparency, integrity, and consistency of China’s official transplant data.Methods: Forensic statistical methods were used to examine key deceased organ donation data sets from 2010 to 2018 . Two central-level datasets — published by the China Organ Transplant Response System (COTRS) and the Red Cross Society of China — are tested for evidence of manipulation, including conformance to simple mathematical formulae, arbitrary internal ratios, the presence of anomalous data artefacts, and cross-consistency. Provincial-level data in five regions are tested for coherence, consistency, and plausibility, and individual hospital data in those provinces are examined for consistency with provincial-level data. Results: COTRS data conforms almost precisely to a mathematical formula (which first appeared to be a general quadratic, but with further confirmatory data was discovered to be a simpler one-parameter quadratic) while Central Red Cross data mirrors it, albeit imperfectly. The analysis of both datasets suggests human-directed data manufacture and manipulation. Contradictory, implausible, or anomalous data artefacts were found in five provincial datasets, suggesting that these data may have been manipulated to enforce conformity with central quotas. A number of the distinctive features of China's current organ procurement and allocation system are discussed, including apparent misclassification of nonvoluntary donors as voluntary.Conclusion: A variety of evidence points to systematic falsification and manipulation of official organ transplant datasets and the misclassification of donors in China. This takes place alongside genuine voluntary organ transplant activity, which is often incentivized by large cash payments. These findings are relevant for international interactions with China’s organ transplantation system.

A methodology for computing and assessing the transport accessibility index: The Russian Federation subjects case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2410-2426
Author(s):  
A.N. Savrukov ◽  
N.T. Savrukov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Transport Accessibility ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Russian Federation

Subject. This article examines the set of economic relations and problems emerging within the spatial development of settlements and constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The article aims to develop key indicators and methods for assessing transport accessibility, potential market capacity, taking into account socio-economic characteristics, geographical location and the level of connectivity of areas. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of economic, statistical analysis and synthesis, comparison, and the k-means method. Results. The article proposes a system of cost-benefit equations for economic agents, and criteria, and a methodology for assessing the Transport Accessibility Index. Based on the clustering of Russian subjects by k-means, the article describes four groups of regions by level of transport accessibility. Conclusions and Relevance. The practical use of the approach presented to assess the Transport Accessibility Index will help form the basis for management decisions aimed at improving efficiency in the planning of spatial development and assessing the socio-economic effects of the proposed measures. The developed Transport Accessibility Index should be used as part of the analysis and monitoring of the effectiveness of infrastructure expenditures affecting changes in the transport accessibility of settlements within individual regions (municipalities).

Economic-geographical location as a factor in productivity differences between Russia’s regions

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-91
Author(s):  
K. V. Rostislav
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Centrality Measure ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Productivity Estimation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

The article is devoted to assessing the relationship between productivity as the most important source of sustainable economic development, and various factors that can explain this productivity. The method of productivity estimation used in the paper takes into account that income is created using not only living labour, but also capital stock. In contrast to previous studies, the paper uses the productivity index that meets the transitivity criterion, which allows for geographical comparisons. To assess the benefits of economic-geographical location (EGL), a new centrality measure is presented that reflects the network nature of territorial connections and allows us to switch to accounting for not only points but also areal objects, particularly the subjects of the Russian Federation. Using the new centrality measure, it is shown that EGL explains the differences in productivity between the regions – the subjects of the Russian Federation in 2010–2016 better than other factors. At the same time, it follows from the estimated model that various properties of the labour force described by the concepts of human capital, and the institutional environment are significantly less related to the observed productivity of regions. To demonstrate the superiority of economic-geographical approaches to explaining productivity, we used relatively new for economic geography methods of machine learning.

Join the Lone Kidney Club: incentivising live organ donation

2020 ◽  
pp. medethics-2019-105999
Author(s):  
Annet Glas
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Living Donor ◽  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Live Organ Donation ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Procurement System

Given the dramatic shortage of transplantable organs, demand cannot be met by established and envisioned organ procurement policies targeting postmortem donation. Live organ donation (LOD) is a medically attractive option, and ethically permissible if informed consent is given and donor beneficence balances recipient non-maleficence. Only a few legal and regulatory frameworks incentivise LOD, with the key exception of Israel’s Organ Transplant Law, which has produced significant improvements in organ donation rates. Therefore, I propose an organ procurement system that incentivises LOD by allocating additional priority points to the living donor on any transplant waiting list. I outline benefits and challenges for potential recipients, donors and society at large, and suggest measures to ensure medical protection of marginalised patient groups.

Organ Transplantation: New Regulations to Alter Distribution of Organs

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-98
Author(s):  
Daniel Luke Geyser
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Human Services ◽  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Health And Human Services ◽  
Legislative Action ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Final Rule ◽  
United Network

On December 17, 1999, President Clinton signed the Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999, which instituted a 90-day comment period for the amended Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (“OPTN”) Final Rule (“Final Rule”), a comprehensive set of guidelines that would affect how organs are allocated throughout the country. Barring further legislative action, the Final Rule, which has been over five years in the making, will be effective on March 16,2000.The Final Rule, issued by the Department of Health and Human Services (‘‘DHHS”) pursuant to the National Organ Transplant Act, was originally publishedApril 2, 1998. It provided a number of substantive changes to the process through which organs are allocated by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), a private, non-profit organization charged with administering the national organ transplantation network.

Organ transplantology – opinions and attitudes of medical and humanities students

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (SUPPLEMENT 1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Klaudia Majder ◽  
Paweł Więch ◽  
Joanna Zaleska ◽  
Izabela Sałacińska ◽  
Dariusz Bazaliński
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Loved One ◽  
Organ Tissue ◽  
Medical Faculties ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Humanities Students ◽  
The University

Background: Transplantology is one of the fastest-growing branches of medicine and is the treatment of choice for many patients with end-stage organ disease, giving them a chance to recover. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to examine the attitudes and opinions of medical and humanities students regarding organ transplant. Material and methods: Based on the assumed random selection criteria, 200 students of the University of Rzeszów (164 women and 36 men) qualified for the study. Dedicated proprietary research tools were used to assess their knowledge of the following: issues related to organ transplantation, registration as a donor, attitudes to organ donation after the respondent’s death, and objections to the intention to donate organs in the event of the death of a loved one who did not object during their lifetime. Results: A higher level of knowledge about transplantology was found among students of medical faculties (p<0.001). Humanities students were more skeptical about the intention to donate organs in the case of the death of a close relative who did not object during their lifetime (p<0.001). In total, 44% confirmed their consent to be an organ/tissue donor. Conclusions: The level of students’ knowledge of transplantology is insufficient. Familiarity with issues related to organ transplantation translates into the attitude towards organ donation; therefore, it is necessary to increase awareness and spread knowledge in this field in order to popularize it in society.

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