Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Gazania rigens Pot Plant Cultivation in a Mediterranean Environment

Herbaceous plants used in island beds and borders need to be rapid growing, high performing and maintaining good visual quality during the growing season. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi application is acquiring interest for its beneficial effects on ornamental bedding plants. Gazania rigens is a herbaceous ornamental plant grown for its large daisy-like flowers. The species thrives in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean region, particularly in the mild climate of southern Italy and Sicily, where performs well in summer bedding schemes in sea side gardens even in dry and windy conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis on several ornamental parameters of Gazania rigens. Prior to transplanting, three-months-old plants received a mycorrhizal inoculum carrying 40 spores g-1 of Rhizophagus irregularis. Inoculum was applied at a rate of 10 g plant-1. The AM application significantly increased number of flowers per clump by 100% and number of flowers per plant by 124.0%. Rhizophagus irregularis also positively influenced number of leaves per plant, plant height, and roots dry weight. Our findings indicated that mycorrhizal inoculation with R. irregularis may be beneficial to nursery growers wishing to produce high quality gazania for spring-summer bedding plant schemes.

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Diversity of endomycorrhizal fungi and their synergistic effect on the growth of Acacia catechu Willd.

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/120/2008-jfs ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 461-468 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

V. Parkash ◽

A. Aggarwal

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Phosphorus Uptake ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Rhizosphere Microflora ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Acacia Catechu ◽

Slow Growing

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi of Acacia catechu Willd. was studied. Dominant AM spores, the bacterium Rhizobium sp. along with the fungus Trichoderma viride were isolated from the rhizosphere of A. catechu and mass-produced in laboratory. The co-inoculation effect of Glomus mosseae, Glomus fasciculatum, mixed AM (Glomus spp. [except G. mosseae, G. fasciculatum] with Acaulospora spp., Sclerocystis spp. and Gigaspora spp.), Rhizobium sp. and Trichoderma viride was studied as exerted on the growth of A. catechu seedlings. All inoculated seedlings showed improved seedling growth compared to the control. Inoculated seedlings had a pronounced effect on all growth parameters such as height, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots, AM spore count, per cent mycorrhizal colonization in roots and root nodule number in comparison with uninoculated seedlings. Phosphorus uptake was also higher in inoculated seedlings than in the control. This study provides a good scope for commercially utilizing the efficient strains of AM fungi for beneficial effects with other beneficial rhizosphere microflora in the primary establishment of slow growing seedlings ensuring better survival and improved growth.

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Concentrations of K, Ca and Mg in maize colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s01-022 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

pp. 272-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

A. Liu ◽

C. Hamel ◽

A. Elmi ◽

C. Costa ◽

B. Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soil Fumigation ◽

Soil P ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Loamy Sand Soil

Little attention has been paid to the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the uptake of nutrients that move mainly by mass flow. The objective of this study was to assess the possible contribution of indigenous AM fungi to the K, Ca and Mg nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by soil P levels and its impact on plant dry mass. The field experiment had a split plot design with four replicates. Treatments included soil fumigation status (fumigation and non-fumigation) and three levels of P fertilization (0, 60 and 120 kg P2O5 ha-1) in a loamy sand soil in 1997 and a fine sandy loam soil in 1998. Soil fumigati on with Basamid® was used to suppress indigenous AM fungi. Plants were sampled at four different growth stages (6-leaf stage, 10-leaf stage, tasseling and silking). Soil fumigation decreased shoot dry weight, but P fertilization increased shoot dry weight at most sampling times. When no P fertilizer was added, fumigation in the loamy sand soil reduced shoot K and Ca concentrations while, in contrast, in the fine sandy loam soil only Mg concentration was reduced by soil fumigation. The concentration of K in maize shoots was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with extraradicular hyphal length in both soils. The correlation between the abundance of extraradicular hyphae and the concentrations of Ca and Mg in maize shoots was significant only for soils where available Ca or Mg was relatively low. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could increase corn biomass production and K, Ca and Mg uptake in soil low in these elements and low in P. These results indicate that the contribution of mycorrhizae to maize K, Ca and Mg nutrition can be significant in a field situation and that the extent of this contribution depends on the availability of these nutrients and of P in soils. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, soil fumigation, extraradicular hyphae, uptake of K, Ca, and Mg, soil P levels, maize

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and nodulation of the annual legume messina (Melilotus siculus) under saline and non-saline conditions

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp11193 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 164 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

B. A. L. Wilson ◽

G. J. Ash ◽

J. D. I. Harper

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Salinity Level ◽

P Nutrition ◽

Uninoculated Control ◽

Uptake Of Nutrients ◽

Saline Land

Messina [Melilotus siculus (Turra) Vitman ex. B. D Jacks] is a salt- and waterlogging-tolerant annual legume that could be highly productive on saline land. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a symbiotic relationship with the majority of terrestrial plant species, and improved productivity of plants inoculated with AM fungi under saline conditions has been attributed to the increased uptake of nutrients such as phosphorus (P). However, the mycorrhizal status of M. siculus under saline or non-saline conditions is unknown, as is the role of AM in improved nutrition and nodulation. In this study, the role of AM fungi in growth improvement and nodulation of M. siculus was examined in saline and non-saline soil. The M. siculus plants were inoculated with either a single AM species or mixed AM species, or remained uninoculated, and were grown at three levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0, 80, and 250 mm NaCl). AM-inoculated plants had significantly greater nodulation than plants that did not receive AM inoculum, regardless of salinity level. Plants inoculated with mixed AM species at 250 mm NaCl showed improved survival (90%) compared with the plants inoculated with single AM species or uninoculated control plants (30%). Within each salinity level, plants inoculated with mixed AM species had significantly greater dry weight than all other treatments. In addition, plants inoculated with mixed AM species had increased total uptake of P. It is likely that the increased growth observed in AM-inoculated M. siculus plants is due to improved P nutrition, showing the potential of AM fungi to enhance the growth of M. siculus on saline land.

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Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and planting media on seedlings growth of Helicteres isora L. in the nursery

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/914/1/012049 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 914 (1) ◽

pp. 012049

Author(s):

D Prameswari ◽

R S B Irianto ◽

F D Tuheteru ◽

T Kalima

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Mixed Media ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth Media ◽

Tree Seedlings ◽

Mycorrhizal Dependency ◽

Helicteres Isora

Abstract A screw tree (Helicteres isora L.) is a small/large shrub species that grows and spreads in many Asian countries, including Indonesia (NTT and Maluku). It is a medicinal plant commonly used to treat many diseases, such as bleeding and constipation. This study aimed to determine the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and planting media on the growth of screw tree seedlings in a nursery. This research was conducted at Bogor Forest Research and Development Center’s nursery, Indonesia. This study consisted of two factors: AM fungi with three levels, namely control, Glomus aggregatum and Glomus clarum and growth media with two levels, namely mixed media of soil: rice husk charcoal (2:1) and mixed soil of media: rice husk charcoal: cocopeat (2:1:1). The results showed that treatment of G. aggregatum and soil mixed of media: rice husk charcoal: cocopeat (2:1:1) was significantly different from other treatments except for G. clarum and soil mixture of media: rice husk charcoal: cocopeat (2:1:1) that significantly increased height, diameter and dry weight of seedlings and the values were 97, 56, 126 and 46, 37, 127% compared to the control. Mycorrhizal dependency of screw tree was very high (126 and 127%). Generally, interaction treatment of G. clarum and mixed media of soil: rice husk charcoal: cocopeat (2:1:1) increased the growth of 11-month-old screw tree in the nursery.

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Increase Pb Uptake of Colonized and Non-Colonized Medicago truncatula Root and Deliver Extra Pb to Colonized Root Segment

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9061203 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1203

Author(s):

Haoqiang Zhang ◽

Wei Ren ◽

Yaru Zheng ◽

Yanpeng Li ◽

Manzhe Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicago Truncatula ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽

Root Segment ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Split Root System ◽

Long Term Impact

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish symbiosis and improve the lead (Pb) tolerance of host plants. The AM plants accumulate more Pb in roots than their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. However, the direct and long-term impact of AM fungi on plant Pb uptake has been rarely reported. In this study, AM fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) colonized and non-colonized roots of Medicago truncatula were separated by a split-root system, and their differences in responding to Pb application were compared. The shoot biomass accumulation and transpiration were increased after R. irregularis inoculation, whereas the biomass of both colonized and non-colonized roots was decreased. Lead application in the non-colonized root compartment increased the R. irregularis colonization rate and up-regulated the relative expressions of MtPT4 and MtBCP1 in the colonized root compartments. Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation increased Pb uptake in both colonized and non-colonized roots, and R. irregularis transferred Pb to the colonized root segment. The Pb transferred through the colonized root segment had low mobility and might be sequestrated and compartmented in the root by R. irregularis. The Pb uptake of roots might follow water flow, which is facilitated by MtPIP2. The quantification of Pb transfer via the mycorrhizal pathway and the involvement of MtPIP2 deserve further study.

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Penggunaan spora cendawan mikoriza arbuskula sebagai inokulum untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan serapan hara bibit kelapa sawit Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore as inoculant to increase growth and nutrient uptake of oil palm seedling

E-Journal Menara Perkebunan ◽

10.22302/ppbbi.jur.mp.v73i1.160 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Happy WIDIASTUTI ◽

Nampiah SUKARNO ◽

Latifah Kosim DARUSMAN ◽

Didiek Hadjar GOENADI ◽

Sally SMITH ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Acid Soil ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

K Uptake ◽

Spore Number

SummaryA green house experiment was conducted tostudy the effect of spore number and species ofAM fungi as inoculant of oil palm. Two species ofAM fungi was evaluated in this study namelyAcaulospora tuberculata and Gigaspora margaritaand three spore number were tested i. e 200, 350,and 500 spores. There two fungi have thepotential as AM fungi inoculant for oil palm. Thesoil used was acid soil from Cikopomayak, WestJava while the oil palm seedling was from OilPalm Research Institute, Medan. A polybag sized20 x 40 cm was used. Spores as type of inoculantaffect the oil palm growth in longer time. Thebest growth of the seedling in term of height,fresh, and dry weight was obtained byinoculation at 500 spores of A. tuberculata andG. margarita. However, at 500 spores perpolybag, growth and N, P, and K uptake ofseedlings inoculated with A. tuberculata andG. margarita were not significantly differentexcept for seedling and root fresh weight. Oilpalm seedling inoculated with A. tuberculata at500 spores per seedling resulted higher root andseedling fresh weight compared with thoseinoculated with G. margarita. The different effectof seedling on A. tuberculata and G. margaritainoculation at 200 and 350 spores per seedlingwere only observed in plant height, fresh and dryweight of seedlings. The plant height, fresh, anddry weight of seedlings inoculated withA. tuberculata at 200 and 350 spores per seedlingwere higher compared with those inoculatedwith G. margarita. In addition inoculation withA. tuberculata at 200 spores per seedling resultedhigher N and K uptake of seedling compared withthose inoculated with G. margarita.RingkasanSuatu penelitian rumah kaca telah dilakukanuntuk mempelajari pengaruh jumlah spora danspesies cendawan mikoriza arbuskula (CMA)sebagai inokulum pada bibit kelapa sawit. Duaspesies CMA yang diuji ialah Acaulosporatuberculata dan Gigaspora margarita sedangkanjumlah spora yang diuji ada tiga tingkat yaitu200, 350, dan 500 spora. Bibit kelapa sawitberumur dua bulan ditanam di polibag berukuran20 x 40 cm yang berisi tanah yang bereaksimasam berasal dari Cikopomayak. Hasil yangdiperoleh menunjukkan bahwa spora sebaganokulum bibit kelapa sawit dapat mempengaruhipertumbuhan kelapa sawit namun diperlukanwaktu yang lebih lama untuk mendapatkanrespons inokulasi. Pertumbuhan tertinggi padapeubah tinggi bibit, bobot basah, dan bobotkering diperoleh pada inokulasi sebanyak 500spora per polibag baik untuk A. tuberculatamaupun G. margarita. Namun, pada inokulasisebanyak 500 spora per polibag, pertumbuhandan serapan N, P, dan K bibit yang diinokulasiA. tuberculata dan G. margarita tidak berbedanyata kecuali pada peubah bobot basah akar danbobot basah bibit. Bobot basah akar dan bobotbasah bibit kelapa sawit yang diinokulasiA. tuberculata sebanyak 500 spora, lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan bibit yang diinokulasidengan G. margarita pada jumlah spora yangsama. Pengaruh spesies hanya dapat ditunjukkanpada inokulasi 200 dan 350 spora khususnya padapeubah tinggi bibit, bobot basah, dan bobotkering bibit. Tinggi bibit, bobot basah dan bobotkering bibit yang diinokulasi A. tuberculata padajumlah spora 200 dan 350 per polibag lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan yang diinokulasiG. margarita. Tampak bahwa inokulasiA. tuberculata dengan 200 spora per polibagmenghasilkan serapan N dan K lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan yang diinokulasiG. margarita pada jumlah spora yang sama.

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Genome-scale modeling specifies the metabolic capabilities of Rhizophagus irregularis

10.1101/2021.10.07.463607 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Philipp Wendering ◽

Zoran Nikoloski

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Metabolic Model ◽

Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽

Plant Performance ◽

System Level ◽

Cofactor Biosynthesis ◽

Genome Scale

Rhizophagus irregularis is one of the most extensively studied arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that forms symbioses with and improves the performance of many crops. Lack of transformation protocol for R. irregularis renders it challenging to investigate molecular mechanisms that shape the physiology and interactions of this AMF with plants. Here we used all published genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics resources to gain insights in the metabolic functionalities of R. irregularis by reconstructing its high-quality genome-scale metabolic network that considers enzyme constraints. Extensive validation tests with the enzyme-constrained metabolic model demonstrated that it can be used to: (1) accurately predict increased growth of R. irregularis on myristate with minimal medium; (2) integrate enzyme abundances and carbon source concentrations that yield growth predictions with high and significant Spearman correlation (= 0.74) to measured hyphal dry weight; and (3) simulated growth rate increases with tighter association of this AMF with the host plant across three fungal structures. Based on the validated model and system-level analyses that integrate data from transcriptomics studies, we predicted that differences in flux distributions between intraradical mycelium and arbuscles are linked to changes in amino acid and cofactor biosynthesis. Therefore, our results demonstrated that the enzyme-constrained metabolic model can be employed to pinpoint mechanisms driving developmental and physiological responses of R. irregularis to different environmental cues. In conclusion, this model can serve as a template for other AMF and paves the way to identify metabolic engineering strategies to modulate fungal metabolic traits that directly affect plant performance.

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Management of Stem-rot of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivar in Field

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb538895 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 316-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Khirood DOLEY ◽

Paramjit Kaur JITE

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Spacing Pattern ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Mycorrhizal Inoculation ◽

Pod Number

The present experiment was conducted at University of Pune for biocontrol of soil-borne plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii by incorporating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus fasciculatum) and conventional system of cultivation with different spacing pattern (15 and 30 cm) in field. Both mycorrhizal inoculation and 30 cm spacing pattern significantly increased growth and yield as compared to control or 15 cm spacing pattern. The pathogenic mycorrhizal groundnut plants in 30 as well as 15 cm spacing pattern showed better growth in terms of plant height, leaf and pod number, fresh and dry weight of whole groundnut plant in comparison to non-mycorrhizal pathogenic ones and the plant growth was better in 30 spacing than 15 cm. The colonization by AM fungi in both spacing pattern was higher in absence of pathogen S. rolfsii. However, pathogen’s presence decreased the mycorrhizal colonization considerably in 30 and 15 cm. The disease severity and incidence were recorded to be lowered when inoculated with mycorrhiza in pathogenic groundnut plants as compared to non-mycorrhizal pathogenic ones in both spacing pattern and incidence and severity was significantly lower in 30 cm as compared to 15 cm. Therefore, it was observed from our results that for management of soil-borne pathogens inoculation of AM fungi and spacing patterns are necessary.

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Expression Analysis of the First Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Aquaporin Described Reveals Concerted Gene Expression Between Salt-Stressed and Nonstressed Mycelium

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-22-9-1169 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 1169-1178 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Ricardo Aroca ◽

Alberto Bago ◽

Moira Sutka ◽

José Antonio Paz ◽

Custodia Cano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Glomus Intraradices ◽

Water Channel ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Host Root ◽

Soil Water Resources

Roots of most plants in nature are colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Among the beneficial effects of this symbiosis to the host plant is the transport of water by the AM mycelium from inaccessible soil water resources to host roots. Here, an aquaporin (water channel) gene from an AM fungus (Glomus intraradices), which was named GintAQP1, is reported for the first time. From experiments in different colonized host roots growing under several environmental conditions, it seems that GintAQP1 gene expression is regulated in a compensatory way regarding host root aquaporin expression. At the same time, from in vitro experiments, it was shown that a signaling communication between NaCl-treated mycelium and untreated mycelium took place in order to regulate gene expression of both GintAQP1 and host root aquaporins. This communication could be involved in the transport of water from osmotically favorable growing mycelium or host roots to salt-stressed tissues.

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Enhancements of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Nitrogen Acquisition of Chrysanthemum morifolium under Salt Stress

10.20944/preprints201710.0183.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yanhong Wang ◽

Minqiang Wang ◽

Yan Li ◽

Aiping Wu ◽

Juying Huang

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽

Symbiotic Associations ◽

Nitrogen Acquisition ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Total Dry Weight

The study aimed to investigate the effects of colonization with two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Funneliformis mosseae , Diversispora versiformis , alone and in combination on the growth and nutrient acquisition of NaCl-stressed Chrysanthemum morifolium (Hangbaiju) plants in the greenhouse experiment. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Hangbaiju plants were grown under different salinity levels imposed by 0, 50 and 200 mM NaCl for five months, following 6 weeks of non-saline pre-treatment. The results showed that root length, shoot and root dry weight, total dry weight, shoot and root N concentration were higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants under moderate saline conditions especially with D. versiformis colonization. As salinity increased, the mycorrhizal colonization, the mycorrhizal dependence (MD) decreased. Enhancement of tissue N acquisition is probably the main mechanism underlying salt tolerance in AM plants. It is suggested that the symbiotic associations between D. versiformis fungus and C. morifolium plants may be taken as a biotechnological practice in culture.

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