scholarly journals Expression Analysis of the First Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Aquaporin Described Reveals Concerted Gene Expression Between Salt-Stressed and Nonstressed Mycelium

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1169-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Aroca ◽  
Alberto Bago ◽  
Moira Sutka ◽  
José Antonio Paz ◽  
Custodia Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Host Root ◽  
Soil Water Resources

Roots of most plants in nature are colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Among the beneficial effects of this symbiosis to the host plant is the transport of water by the AM mycelium from inaccessible soil water resources to host roots. Here, an aquaporin (water channel) gene from an AM fungus (Glomus intraradices), which was named GintAQP1, is reported for the first time. From experiments in different colonized host roots growing under several environmental conditions, it seems that GintAQP1 gene expression is regulated in a compensatory way regarding host root aquaporin expression. At the same time, from in vitro experiments, it was shown that a signaling communication between NaCl-treated mycelium and untreated mycelium took place in order to regulate gene expression of both GintAQP1 and host root aquaporins. This communication could be involved in the transport of water from osmotically favorable growing mycelium or host roots to salt-stressed tissues.

scholarly journals Germinating Spore Exudates from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Molecular and Developmental Responses in Plants and Their Regulation by Ethylene

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arijit Mukherjee ◽  
Jean-Michel Ané
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Symbiotic Gene

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi stimulate root development and induce expression of mycorrhization-specific genes in both eudicots and monocots. Diffusible factors released by AM fungi have been shown to elicit similar responses in Medicago truncatula. Colonization of roots by AM fungi is inhibited by ethylene. We compared the effects of germinating spore exudates (GSE) from Glomus intraradices in monocots and in eudicots, their genetic control, and their regulation by ethylene. GSE modify root architecture and induce symbiotic gene expression in both monocots and eudicots. The genetic regulation of root architecture and gene expression was analyzed using M. truncatula and rice symbiotic mutants. These responses are dependent on the common symbiotic pathway as well as another uncharacterized pathway. Significant differences between monocots and eudicots were observed in the genetic control of plant responses to GSE. However, ethylene inhibits GSE-induced symbiotic gene expression and root development in both groups. Our results indicate that GSE signaling shares similarities and differences in monocots versus eudicots, that only a subset of AM signaling pathways has been co-opted in legumes for the establishment of root nodulation with rhizobia, and that regulation of these pathways by ethylene is a feature conserved across higher land plants.

Variation in in vitro hatch of potato cyst nematodes in response to different potato cultivars inoculated with isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Nematology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-672
Author(s):  
Patrick Haydock ◽  
Peter Jones ◽  
Thomas Deliopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Commercial Mixture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Shoot Emergence

AbstractSix potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars (Home Guard, Bintje, British Queen, Maris Piper, Pentland Dell and Saturna) were inoculated with Vaminoc (a commercial mixture of three selected arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) isolates) and with two of the individual AMF isolates present in Vaminoc, Glomus intraradices (BioRize BB-E) and Glomus mosseae (isolate BEG 12). Root length colonisation by AMF at 6 weeks after shoot emergence ranged from 49 to 54%, with Vaminoc exhibiting the highest percentage. In comparison with control plants, AMF-inoculated plants accelerated the in vitro hatch (21% mean increase) of the potato cyst nematode (PCN) species Globodera pallida (but not of G. rostochiensis) in potato root leachate collected 3 weeks after shoot emergence. The effects of mycorrhization on PCN hatch were broadly similar across the six potato cultivars. This consistency supports the potential use of AMF inoculation of potato plants as part of an integrated pest management strategy for G. pallida.

Quantifying the growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: usefulness of the fractal dimension

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Juge ◽  
Annie Champagne ◽  
Andrew P. Coughlan ◽  
Nicolas Juge ◽  
Lael Parrott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Growth Cycle

The present study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to investigate the use of the fractal dimension (FD) to quantify the growth and development of undisturbed, fully functional arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) hyphae developing in vitro. The majority of the work focused on the model AM fungus Glomus intraradices DAOM 181602. The time course study and final measurements of an intact mature extraradical mycelium allowed us to compare the development of the mycelium and the FD value. The final FD value of 1.62 for the mature mycelium is similar to that obtained for highly branched root systems and tree crowns. The FD method was used to characterize the morphology of germinative and presymbiotic hyphae in the presence of stimulatory (strigolactone GR-24, 0.1 µmol·L–1 and bisphenol A, 10 µmol·L–1) and inhibitory (NaCl, 80 mmol·L–1) molecules, and the extraradical phase in the presence of an inhibitory molecule (NaCl, 80 mmol·L–1). Where possible, results were compared with those obtained using the traditional grid-line (GL) technique. The FD approach allowed treatment effects to be accurately quantified, both in germinative and extraradical phases. In the second case, this technique provided a single quantitative value of extraradical hyphal growth that included runner hyphae (RH) networks, and fine-branching (FB) ramifications. This is in contrast to the GL technique, which provides a value for the estimation of RH, but which is not suitable for accurately measuring FB hyphae. Given the ease with which the FD values can be calculated, and the fact that this method can provide a single value for the quantification of extraradical hyphal growth and development, we suggest that this method is useful for in vitro studies. Furthermore under certain situations of germinative or presymbiotic growth, it may be used in concert with the GL method to provide a greater degree of information about hyphal morphology. The usefulness and limits of the FD method at different stages of the AM fungal growth cycle are discussed.

Rice phosphate transporters associated with phosphate uptake in rice roots colonised with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 644-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Glassop ◽  
Rosamond M. Godwin ◽  
Sally E. Smith ◽  
Frank W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Rice Genome ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Rice Roots ◽  
Pi Acquisition

The completed rice-genome sequence was screened with a known inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporter sequence to reveal a family of 13 Pi transporters. This family can be used for studies into Pi acquisition and translocation throughout the plant. Plants that form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are of particular interest with respect to Pi acquisition because of their ability to utilize both direct and fungal pathways of uptake. Localization of transcripts of two Pi transporters by real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization were conducted in rice subjected to low Pi, high Pi, and AM colonization. One Pi transporter, ORYsa;Pht1;13, was detected in rice roots under all growth conditions. ORYsa;Pht1;11 was only expressed in roots colonized by AM fungi. Antisense RNA probes of ORYsa;Pht1;11 localized to cortical cells containing arbuscules and hyphal coils, formed by Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith and Scutellospora calospora (Nicolson and Gerdemann) Walker and Sanders, respectively. Localization of the ORYsa;Pht1;13 probes was similar to that observed for ORYsa;Pht1;11 in colonized rice roots. This research proposes that at least two rice Pi transporters are involved in acquiring Pi via AM fungi, emphasising the complexity of Pi acquisition in plants with access to two Pi uptake pathways.

Is cortical root colonization required for carbon transfer to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? Evidence from colonization phenotypes and spore production in the reduced mycorrhizal colonization (rmc) mutant of tomato

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 1009-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Manjarrez ◽  
F. Andrew Smith ◽  
Petra Marschner ◽  
Sally E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Carbon Transfer ◽  
External Mycelium ◽  
First Time

For the first time, the phenotypes formed in the reduced mycorrhizal colonization (rmc) Solanum lycopersicum  L. (tomato) mutant with different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were used to explore the potential of different fungal structures to support development of external fungal mycelium and spores. The life cycle of AM fungi with rmc was followed for up to 24 weeks. Results showed that production of external mycelium was slight and transitory for those fungi that did not penetrate the roots of rmc (Pen–) ( Glomus intraradices DAOM181602 and Glomus etunicatum ). For fungi that penetrated the root epidermis and hypodermis (Coi–, Glomus coronatum and Scutellospora calospora ) the mycelium produced varied in size, but was always smaller than with the wild-type 76R. Spores were formed by these fungi with 76R but not with rmc. The only fungus forming a Myc+ phenotype with rmc, G. intraradices WFVAM23, produced as much mycelium with rmc as with 76R. We observed lipid accumulation in hyphae and vesicles in both plant genotypes with this fungus. Mature spores were formed with 76R. However, with rmc, spores remained small and (presumably) immature for up to 24 weeks. We conclude that significant carbon transfer from plant to fungus can occur in Coi– interactions with rmc in which no cortical colonization occurs. We speculate that both carbon transfer and root signals are required for mature spores to be produced.

scholarly journals A review of the interaction of medicinal plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 12454
Author(s):  
Rui-Ting SUN ◽  
Ze-Zhi ZHANG ◽  
Nong ZHOU ◽  
A.K. SRIVASTAVA ◽  
Kamil KUČA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Clinical Drugs

Medicinal plants are well known to have the advantages of high concentration of medicinal ingredients having clinical importance, curative value, small toxic and side effects. Important compounds viz., paclitaxel, camptothecin, and vincristine have been developed from medicinal plants as first-line of clinical drugs, leading to their consistently increasing demand globally. However, the destruction of natural environment due to excessive mining threatened such resources jeopardizing the successful growing of medicinal plants. A group of beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is known to exist in the rhizosphere of medicinal plants, which can establish a reciprocal symbiosis with their roots, namely arbuscular mycorrhizas. These AM fungi are pivotal in the habitat adaptation of medicinal plants. Studies have demonstrated that AM fungi aided in growth promotion and nutrient absorption of medicinal plants, thereby, accelerating the accumulation of medicinal ingredients and aiding resistance against abiotic stresses such as drought, low temperature, and salinity. An AM-like fungus Piriformospora indica is known to be cultured in vitro without roots, later showed analogous effects of AM fungi on medicinal plants. These fungi provide new mechanistic pathways towards the artificial cultivation of medicinal plants loaded with ingredients in huge demand in international market. This review provides an overview of the diversity of AM fungi inhabiting the rhizosphere of medicinal plants, and analyzes the functioning of AM fungi and P. indica, coupled with future lines of research.

scholarly journals Fungal Lipid Accumulation and Development of Mycelial Structures by Two Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 6762-6767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid M. van Aarle ◽  
Pål Axel Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Opposite Pattern

ABSTRACT We monitored the development of intraradical and extraradical mycelia of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Scutellospora calospora and Glomus intraradices when colonizing Plantago lanceolata. The occurrence of arbuscules (branched hyphal structures) and vesicles (lipid storage organs) was compared with the amounts of signature fatty acids. The fatty acid 16:1ω5 was used as a signature for both AM fungal phospholipids (membrane constituents) and neutral lipids (energy storage) in roots (intraradical mycelium) and in soil (extraradical mycelium). The formation of arbuscules and the accumulation of AM fungal phospholipids in intraradical mycelium followed each other closely in both fungal species. In contrast, the neutral lipids of G. intraradices increased continuously in the intraradical mycelium, while vesicle occurrence decreased after initial rapid root colonization by the fungus. S. calospora does not form vesicles and accumulated more neutral lipids in extraradical than in intraradical mycelium, while the opposite pattern was found for G. intraradices. G. intraradices allocated more of its lipids to storage than did S. calospora. Thus, within a species, the fatty acid 16:1ω5 is a good indicator for AM fungal development. The phospholipid fatty acid 16:1ω5 is especially suitable for indicating the frequency of arbuscules in the symbiosis. We propose that the ratio of neutral lipids to phospholipids is more important than is the presence of vesicles in determining the storage status of AM fungi.

scholarly journals Isolation of a Premycorrhizal Infection (pmi2) Mutant of Tomato, Resistant to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 382-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakefet David-Schwartz ◽  
Vijay Gadkar ◽  
Smadar Wininger ◽  
Roza Bendov ◽  
Gad Galili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Recessive Trait ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) represent an ancient symbiosis between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots which co-evolved to exhibit a finely tuned, multistage interaction that assists plant growth. Direct screening efforts for Myc¯ plant mutants resulted in the identification of a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Micro-Tom) mutant, M20, which was impaired in its ability to support the premycorrhizal infection (pmi) stages. The Myc¯ phenotype of the M20 mutant was a single Mendelian recessive trait, stable for nine generations, and nonallelic to a previously identified M161 pmi mutant. The M20 mutant was resistant to infection by isolated AM spores and colonized roots. Formation of Glomus intraradices appressoria on M20 roots was normal, as on wild-type (WT) plants, but in significantly reduced numbers. A significant reduction in spore germination was observed in vitro in the presence of M20 exudates relative to WT. Our results indicate that this new mutant shares similar physiological characteristics with the M161 pmi mutant, but has a more suppressive Myc¯ phenotype response.

scholarly journals Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Gazania rigens Pot Plant Cultivation in a Mediterranean Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo SABATINO ◽  
Fabio D’ANNA ◽  
Livio TORTA ◽  
Giorgio FERRARA ◽  
Giovanni IAPICHINO
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
Bedding Plant

Herbaceous plants used in island beds and borders need to be rapid growing, high performing and maintaining good visual quality during the growing season. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi application is acquiring interest for its beneficial effects on ornamental bedding plants. Gazania rigens is a herbaceous ornamental plant grown for its large daisy-like flowers. The species thrives in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean region, particularly in the mild climate of southern Italy and Sicily, where performs well in summer bedding schemes in sea side gardens even in dry and windy conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis on several ornamental parameters of Gazania rigens. Prior to transplanting, three-months-old plants received a mycorrhizal inoculum carrying 40 spores g-1 of Rhizophagus irregularis. Inoculum was applied at a rate of 10 g plant-1. The AM application significantly increased number of flowers per clump by 100% and number of flowers per plant by 124.0%. Rhizophagus irregularis also positively influenced number of leaves per plant, plant height, and roots dry weight. Our findings indicated that mycorrhizal inoculation with R. irregularis may be beneficial to nursery growers wishing to produce high quality gazania for spring-summer bedding plant schemes.

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