scholarly journals Partitioning of Competition for Resources Between Soybean and Corn as Competitor Plant

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.C. CARATTI ◽  
F.P. LAMEGO ◽  
J.D.G. SILVA ◽  
J.R. GARCIA ◽  
D. AGOSTINETTO
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Soil Resources ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Determinate Growth ◽  
Determinate Growth Habit ◽  
Chlorophyll Index ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Competition For Resources

ABSTRACT Plants compete for resources present below and above the soil surface. The objective of this work was to separate the individual effects of the competition for resources between soybean and corn as competitor plants. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in 2014/2015. The treatments consisted of soybean cultivars (TEC 5718 and TEC 6029) in competition conditions with corn (no competition, competition for soil resources, competition for solar radiation and total competition). The variables evaluated were plant height at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after emergence (DAE), stem/culm diameter, leaf area, shoot dry mass, root dry mass and the chlorophyll index, at 42 (DAE). The competition for soil resources between soybean and corn is pronounced, being that short cultivars with determinate growth habit, such as TEC 5718, invest more in root biomass, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio when in competition. The soybean cultivars do not suppress corn, but allow it to benefit when associated to its root system, increasing the shoot and root dry mass, leaf area and chlorophyll index.

scholarly journals RELATIVE COMPETITIVENESS BETWEEN MAIZE HYBRIDS AND WILD POINSETTIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-309
Author(s):  
LEANDRO GALON ◽  
RICARDO LUIS GABIATTI ◽  
FELIPE JOSÉ MENIN BASSO ◽  
ANDRÉ LUIZ RADÜNZ ◽  
FRANCISCO WILSON REICHERT JÚNIOR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Chlorophyll Index

ABSTRACT Maize is one of the main cereals cultivated worldwide and wild poinsettia is among the weeds that cause damage in grain production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative competitive ability of maize hybrids in the presence of a wild poinsettia biotype through experiments in replacement series. In preliminary experiments, it was determined the plant population in which the dry mass becomes constant. For the maize hybrids ‘Agroeste’, ‘Morgan’, ‘Nidera’, and ‘Velox’, as well as the wild poinsettia, the population was 20 individuals vase-1. Subsequently, experiments were carried out in replacement series in different combinations of species that varied the relative proportions (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100%). The analysis of the species' competitiveness was carried out using diagrams applied to the replacement experiments and by the relative competitiveness indexes. The height (PH), chlorophyll index (CI), leaf area (LA), and the shoot dry mass (DM) of the plants were evaluated 50 days after emergence. There was competition between the maize hybrids and the wild poinsettia; both were negatively affected, regardless of the proportion of plants, causing reductions in the species' PH, CI, LA, and DM. The competition between maize and wild poinsettia occurs for the same resources in the environment, and interspecific competition caused greater damage to maize and wild poinsettia than intraspecific competition. In general, it was observed that only the hybrids ‘Nidera’ and ‘Velox’ were more competitive than the wild poinsettia.

scholarly journals Soil water deficit decreases xylem conductance efficiency relative to leaf area and mass in the apple

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. e003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Éric Lauri ◽  
Antoine Marceron ◽  
Frédéric Normand ◽  
Anaëlle Dambreville ◽  
Jean-Luc Regnard
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Hydraulic Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Lamina ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
The Individual

It is generally postulated that at the tree scale a drought-related decrease in hydraulic conductance is balanced by a decrease of leaf area. We hypothesized that, at the individual leaf scale, drought affects the allometry between leaf area or mass and hydraulics, leading to a non-linear relationships between these traits. The study was conducted on well-watered and on water-stressed shoots of several apple genotypes covering an extended range of leaf area. Working on dried leaves, we measured leaf lamina area and mass and analyzed their relationships with the maximal xylem hydraulic conductance of the water pathway through the parent shoot and the petiole connected to the leaf lamina. Drought decreased leaf area and mass in absolute values. It also changes the allometric relationships between these two variables: for a same decrease of leaf dry mass the water-stressed shoot had a lower decrease of leaf dry area than the well-watered shoot. Our study also showed that drought affected the stem-to-petiole hydraulics with a higher hydraulic efficiency in the well-watered shoot compared to the water-stressed shoot. We discuss that, compared to the well-watered condition, drought not only decreased leaf size, but also reduced xylem efficiency through the stem-to-petiole pathway with regard to the leaf area and mass supplied.

scholarly journals GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGY OF Balfourodendron riedelianum SEEDLINGS IN THE NURSERY AND IN THE FIELD

FLORESTA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 763
Author(s):  
Felipe Turchetto ◽  
Jessé Caletti Mezzomo ◽  
Maristela Machado Araujo ◽  
Adriana Maria Griebeler ◽  
Álvaro Luís Pasquetti Berghetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Chlorophyll Index ◽  
Dickson Quality Index

The present study aimed to determine the effect of different container volumes and doses of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) on the morphophysiological aspects of Balfourodendron riedelianum seedlings in the nursery and verify if these responses were replicated in the field. For the production of seedlings in nursery, three container volumes (180 and 280 cm³ polypropylene tubes and 500 cm³ plastic bags) and four doses of CRF (0, 4, 8, and 12 g L-1 of substrate) were tested, and the seedlings were grown for 240 days. At the end of the nursery period, the following parameters were measured: height (H); stem diameter (SD); dry mass of shoot, root, and total; root length; leaf area; and chlorophyll fluorescence. The H/SD ratio and the Dickson Quality Index were calculated. The same treatments were evaluated in the field at 540 days after planting. Survival, height, and diameter increase, aerial dry mass, leaf area, chlorophyll a fluorescence and chlorophyll index (a, b and total) were measured. Basic fertilization using CRF had a positive influence on the production of B. riedelianum seedlings. It is recommended to use a 180 cm³ tube and a dose of 12 g L-1 CRF for the production of seedlings. The results obtained in the nursery for the production of seedlings were confirmed to occur in the field.

scholarly journals Defoliation Levels Supported in Soybean Crop With No Harm on Productivity in the Municipality of Parauapebas

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Damasceno ◽  
V. F. A. Silva ◽  
J. N. da Silva ◽  
P. A. Silva ◽  
C. C. Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Plant Length

The reduction in the leaf area is one of the causes in the fall in soybean (Glycine max) productivity as it depends on the production of photoassimilates generated by the leaves, so any factor that interferes in its leaf area may affect the production. The attack of defoliating insects is among such factors. They cause a marked drop in grain yield due to its direct action, therefore, reducing the leaf area, consequently reducing the photosynthetic rate of the plant. The agronomic characteristics of the cultivars may interfere on the level of tolerance of the plant to this type of stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of defoliation levels on the vegetative and reproductive stages on the development and yield of grains in soybean cultivars. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 2×11×2 factorial scheme, with four replicates. Factors consisted of defoliation stage (vegetative and reproductive), treatment levels (T1-control plant and ten treatments of artificial defoliation) and soybean cultivars (BRS 9090 RR and BRS 8890 RR). The following variables were evaluated: grain yield, dry mass of the pod, leaf dry mass, stem and root dry mass, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, length and width of roots. It was observed that the defoliation had a negative effect on the productivity components of the cultivars, with the highest decrease in the reproductive stage, except for the treatment R5, 100% defoliation at the R5 stage, which was also reduced. In relation to the cultivars, the BRS 8890 RR was 27% better in grain yield in relation to BRS 9090 RR.

scholarly journals Interference of volunteer corn on soybean cultivars growth and yield

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-648
Author(s):  
Fernanda Cassiane Caratti ◽  
Fabiane Pinto Lamego ◽  
Mario Antonio Bianchi ◽  
Humberto Farias ◽  
Bruno Moncks Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Corn Plants

Spontaneous corn plants in soybean crop are considered weeds because they compete for the same environmental resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the competitive ability of soybean cultivars when in coexistence with spontaneous corn plants. A field experiment was conducted in CCGLTEC, Cruz Alta/RS, in 2014/15, in a split-plot design, with the main plot being composed of four different cultivars (CD 2694, BMX 7166, TEC 5718, TEC 6029) and the subplots of interference conditions (without the presence of corn volunteer plants, in the presence of corn until the V3, V6, V9 stages, or for the entire soybean cycle. Leaf area, shoot dry mass, plant height, chlorophyll index, and development stage were determined at 15, 30, and 49 DAE; we also determined apparent biological productivity, apparent harvest index, and components of productivity and grain yield. The cultivars showed losses in leaf area and shoot dry mass when in coexistence with corn (8 plants m-2) in the three periods evaluated. All cultivars showed losses in apparent biological productivity, apparent harvest index, and final grain yield when growing under competition throughout the cycle. Cultivars with a medium/long growth cycle, such as CD 2694 (maturity groups (GM): 6.9) and BMX 7166 (GM: 6.6), show a higher competitive ability up to V9 stage in contrast to cultivars with a short cycle, such as TEC 5718 (GM: 5.9) and TEC 6029 (GM: 5.7).

scholarly journals DEFOLIATION LEVELS AT VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE STAGES OF SOYBEAN CULTIVARS WITH DIFFERENT RELATIVE MATURITY GROUPS

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-411
Author(s):  
MURILO MIGUEL DURLI ◽  
LUIS SANGOI ◽  
CLOVIS ARRUDA SOUZA ◽  
LUCIELI SANTINI LEOLATO ◽  
THAIS LEMOS TUREK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Maturity Group ◽  
Indeterminate Growth ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Indeterminate Growth Habit ◽  
Determinate Growth ◽  
Determinate Growth Habit ◽  
Expansion Capacity

ABSTRACT Soybean tolerance to defoliation may be affected by relative maturity group (RMG) of the cultivar. For this reason, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of artificial defoliation at vegetative and reproductive stages on the agronomic performance of soybean cultivars with different RMG. Two experiments were carried out in greenhouse conditions in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Defoliation was carried out at V6 in the first experiment and at R3 in the second experiment. Three cultivars with contrasting RMG were used: BMX Veloz (RMG of 5.0, indeterminate growth habit), NA 5909 (RMG of 5.9, indeterminate growth habit), and TMG 7262 (RMG of 6.2, semi-determinate growth habit). Each cultivar was submitted to five defoliation levels: 0.0, 16.6, 33.3, 50.0, and 66.6%. Leaf expansion after defoliation, grain yield and its components were determined. The BMX Veloz showed lower leaf expansion capacity and lower grain yield when compared to the other cultivars when defoliated at V6. Grain yield of the three cultivars only showed significant decreases with defoliation levels higher than 16.6% at R3. The cultivar BMX Veloz is less tolerant to defoliation during the vegetative stage when compared to the cultivars NA 5909 and TMG 7262. Cultivar maturity group does not interfere with soybean tolerance to defoliation at the reproductive stage in greenhouse conditions.

scholarly journals Sink Strength Maintenance Underlies Drought Tolerance in Common Bean

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 489
Author(s):  
Amber Hageman ◽  
Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Determinate Growth ◽  
Determinate Growth Habit ◽  
Water Limitations ◽  
Uptake And Metabolism ◽  
Do So

Drought is a major limiter of yield in common bean, decreasing food security for those who rely on it as an important source of protein. While drought can have large impacts on yield by reducing photosynthesis and therefore resources availability, source strength is not a reliable indicator of yield. One reason resource availability does not always translate to yield in common bean is because of a trait inherited from wild ancestors. Wild common bean halts growth and seed filling under drought and awaits better conditions to resume its developmental program. This trait has been carried into domesticated lines, where it can result in strong losses of yield in plants already producing pods and seeds, especially since many domesticated lines were bred to have a determinate growth habit. This limits the plants ability to produce another flush of flowers, even if the first set is aborted. However, some bred lines are able to maintain higher yields under drought through maintaining growth and seed filling rates even under water limitations, unlike their wild predecessors. We believe that maintenance of sink strength underlies this ability, since plants which fill seeds under drought maintain growth of sinks generally, and growth of sinks correlates strongly with yield. Sink strength is determined by a tissue’s ability to acquire resources, which in turn relies on resource uptake and metabolism in that tissue. Lines which achieve higher yields maintain higher resource uptake rates into seeds and overall higher partitioning efficiencies of total biomass to yield. Drought limits metabolism and resource uptake through the signaling molecule abscisic acid (ABA) and its downstream affects. Perhaps lines which maintain higher sink strength and therefore higher yields do so through decreased sensitivity to or production of ABA.

scholarly journals Does Green Really Mean Go? Increasing the Fraction of Green Photons Promotes Growth of Tomato but Not Lettuce or Cucumber

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 637
Author(s):  
Paul Kusuma ◽  
Boston Swan ◽  
Bruce Bugbee
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Blue Region

The photon flux in the green wavelength region is relatively enriched in shade and the photon flux in the blue region is selectively filtered. In sole source lighting environments, increasing the fraction of blue typically decreases stem elongation and leaf expansion, and smaller leaves reduce photon capture and yield. Photons in the green region reverse these blue reductions through the photoreceptor cryptochrome in Arabidopsis thaliana, but studies in other species have not consistently shown the benefits of photons in the green region on leaf expansion and growth. Spectral effects can interact with total photon flux. Here, we report the effect of the fraction of photons in the blue (10 to 30%) and green (0 to 50%) regions at photosynthetic photon flux densities of 200 and 500 µmol m−2 s−1 in lettuce, cucumber and tomato. As expected, increasing the fraction of photons in the blue region consistently decreased leaf area and dry mass. By contrast, large changes in the fraction of photons in the green region had minimal effects on leaf area and dry mass in lettuce and cucumber. Photons in the green region were more potent at a lower fraction of photons in the blue region. Photons in the green region increased stem and petiole length in cucumber and tomato, which is a classic shade avoidance response. These results suggest that high-light crop species might respond to the fraction of photons in the green region with either shade tolerance (leaf expansion) or shade avoidance (stem elongation).

scholarly journals PHOSPHATE AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION FOR RADISH GROWN IN A LATOSOL WITH A HIGH CONTENT OF THESE NUTRIENTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTHUR BERNARDES CECÍLIO FILHO ◽  
ALEXSON FILGUEIRAS DUTRA ◽  
GILSON SILVERIO DA SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Leaf ◽  
Potassium Fertilization ◽  
Chemical Fertilization ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACT The intensive cultivation of vegetables with frequent chemical fertilization may cause accumulation of nutrients in the soil. This, in turn, may reduce crop yields and damage the environment due to contamination of ground water and rivers. Thus, to increase the effects of P (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha -1 of P2O5) and K (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1 of K2O) doses on the growth and productivity of radish cultivars (Sakata 19 and Sakata 25) in a soil with high levels of these nutrients, two experiments were conducted in randomized blocks with the factors cultivars and doses arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial design with three replications. Number of leaves per plant, leaf area, shoot and root dry mass, total and commercial productivity, percentage of cracked roots and P and K contents in the plant and in the soil were evaluated. The Sakata 19 cultivar performed better than the Sakata 25 in both experiments. The fertilization with P or K did not influence the growth and the productivity of both radish cultivars. Therefore, both cultivars of radish evaluated do not need to be fertilized with P and K when planted in a Latosol with high levels of these nutrients.

Interactive effects of nitrogen and irradiance on growth and partitioning of dry mass and nitrogen in young tomato plants

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corine C. de Groot ◽  
Leo F. M. Marcelis ◽  
Riki van den Boogaard ◽  
Hans Lambers
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
N Limitation ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Growth Irradiance ◽  
Dry Mass Partitioning

The interactive effects of irradiance and N on growth of young tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were studied. Plants were grown at 70 or 300 μmol photons m–2 s–1, hereafter referred to as 'low' and 'high' irradiance, and at a range of exponential N supply rates (70–370 mg g–1 d–1) or at a constant concentration in the nutrient solution of 12 mM NO3–. At both irradiance levels, leaf area ratio was more important than net assimilation rate (NAR) in explaining effects of N on growth at mild N limitation. However, at severe N limitation, NAR became the most important parameter, as indicated by calculated growth response coefficients. Furthermore, this study shows that N supply and growth irradiance interacted strongly. The decrease of specific leaf area with increasing N limitation and increasing growth irradiance correlated with increasing leaf dry mass percentage and starch concentration. Furthermore, at low irradiance, plants partitioned more dry mass to the stem. Dry mass partitioning to roots increased with decreasing plant N concentration, and this relation appeared to be independent of irradiance. Shading increased plant N concentration and decreased dry mass partitioning to roots. Also, the relationship between plant N concentration and N partitioning to different plant organs was largely independent of growth irradiance.

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