scholarly journals Subdiaphragmatic venous stasis and tissular hypoperfusion as sources of metabolic acidosis during passive portal-jugular and caval-jugular bypasses in dogs

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Roberto de Barros Coelho ◽  
Álvaro Antônio Bandeira Ferraz ◽  
Renato Dornelas Câmara Neto ◽  
Ayrton Ponce de Souza ◽  
Edmundo Machado Ferraz

Subdiafragmatic venous decompression during anhepatic stage of canine orthotopic liver transplantation attenuates portal and caval blood stasis and minimize hipoperfusion and metabolic acidosis observed with occlusion of portal and caval veins. During two hours, six dogs submitted to portal-jugular and caval-jugular passive shunts, with maintenance of arterial hepatic flow, were evaluated for pH, carbon dioxide tension (PCO2), base deficit (BD) and oxygen tension (PO2) in portal, caval and systemic arterial blood, as well as for increments of BD (DBD) in portal and caval blood. With a confidence level of 95%, the results showed that: 1. There were not changes of pH anDBD in portal and systemic arterial blood in the majority of studied times; 2. There was metabolic acidosis in caval blood; 3. The negative increments of BD (DBD) were higher in caval blood than in splancnic venous blood at T10, T30 and T105; and, 4. Deoxigenation of portal and caval blood were detected. Acid-base metabolism and oxigenation monitoring of subdiaphramatic venous blood can constitute an effective way to evaluate experimental passive portal-jugular and caval-jugular bypass in dogs.

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1016-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Merwarth ◽  
H. O. Sieker

Functional abnormalities of the central nervous system are observed with hypo- and hyperventilation. This study correlates changes of pH, carbon dioxide tension and carbon dioxide content in arterial and cerebral venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid during altered ventilation. With the experimental design in which ventilation was controlled and the sagittal sinus, femoral artery, and cisterna magna were cannulated, a slight metabolic acidosis was found. With 10% CO2 inhalation acidosis occurred in both blood and spinal fluid and early in the period of inhalation, the usual cerebrospinal-arterial fluid pCO2 gradient was reversed. With hyperventilation, pH and pCO2 changes were more pronounced in the arterial blood but, as hyperventilation was continued, the arterial-cerebrospinal fluid difference decreased. It appeared likely that brain tissue acts as an important buffer, absorbing and releasing CO2 during states of altered ventilation. CO2 diffuses rapidly across cell boundaries, whereas bicarbonate crosses more slowly, thus providing an explanation for the differences noted between blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The particular clinical importance of these observations is that arterial pH, pCO2, and CO2 content may not accurately reflect changes within the cerebrospinal fluid or brain when ventilation is altered. Submitted on May 1, 1961


Perfusion ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Kristiansen ◽  
Jan Olav Høgetveit ◽  
Thore H Pedersen

This paper presents the clinical testing of a new capno-graph designed to measure the carbon dioxide tension at the oxygenator exhaust outlet in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). During CPB, there is a need for reliable, accurate and instant estimates of the arterial blood CO2 tension (PaCO2) in the patient. Currently, the standard practice for measuring PaCO2 involves the manual collection of intermittent blood samples, followed by a separate analysis performed by a blood gas analyser. Probes for inline blood gas measurement exist, but they are expensive and, thus, unsuitable for routine use. A well-known method is to measure PexCO2, ie, the partial pressure of CO2 in the exhaust gas output from the oxygenator and use this as an indirect estimate for PaCO2. Based on a commercially available CO2 sensor circuit board, a laminar flow capnograph was developed. A standard sample line with integrated water trap was connected to the oxygenator exhaust port. Fifty patients were divided into six different groups with respect to oxygenator type and temperature range. Both arterial and venous blood gas samples were drawn from the CPB circuit at various temperatures. Alfa-stat corrected pCO2 values were obtained by running a linear regression for each group based on the arterial temperature and then correcting the PexCO2 accordingly. The accuracy of the six groups was found to be (±SD): ±4.3, ±4.8, ±5.7, ±1.0, ±3.7 and ±2.1%. These results suggest that oxygenator exhaust capnography is a simple, inexpensive and reliable method of estimating the PaCO2 in both adult and pediatric patients at all relevant temperatures.


1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norval M. Simms ◽  
Don M. Long ◽  
James H. Matthews ◽  
Shelley N. Chou

✓ Oxygen tension and acid-base parameters of cerebral venous blood and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid, as well of femoral arterial blood, were studied in 14 dogs following injection of varying amounts of room air into the right vertebral artery. Acute elevations in oxygen tension were demonstrated in both cerebral venous blood and CSF, whereas hypoxemia occurred concomitantly in systemic arterial blood. Post-embolic increases in carbon dioxide tension with reciprocal diminutions in pH were evident in all sampling sites. The pathophysiological bases for these air-induced alterations are discussed.


1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-940
Author(s):  
B Tufts ◽  
S Currie ◽  
J Kieffer

In vivo experiments were carried out to determine the relative effects of carbonic anhydrase (CA) infusion or inhibition on carbon dioxide (CO2) transport and acid-base status in the arterial and venous blood of sea lampreys recovering from exhaustive exercise. Infusion of CA into the extracellular fluid did not significantly affect CO2 transport or acid-base status in exercised lampreys. In contrast, infusion of the CA inhibitor acetazolamide resulted in a respiratory acidosis in the blood of recovering lampreys. In acetazolamide-treated lampreys, the post-exercise extracellular pH (pHe) of arterial blood was significantly lower than that in the saline-infused (control) lampreys. The calculated arterial and venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and the total CO2 concentration in whole blood (CCO2wb) and red blood cells (CCO2rbc) during recovery in the acetazolamide-infused lampreys were also significantly greater than those values in the saline-infused control lampreys. These results suggest that the CO2 reactions in the extracellular compartment of lampreys may already be in equilibrium and that the access of plasma bicarbonate to CA is probably not the sole factor limiting CO2 transport in these animals. Furthermore, endogenous red blood cell CA clearly has an important role in CO2 transport in exercising lampreys.


1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas E. Capeci ◽  
Oscar R. Kruesi ◽  
Davis C. Weaver ◽  
James G. Hilton

In the anesthetized dog the pCO2 of the urine, arterial blood, and renal venous blood was measured before and after the intravenous administration of Diamox (acetazoleamide). The pCO2 of the urine always rose to a much greater degree than did the pCO2 of the arterial or renal venous blood This rise in urinary pCO2 could be explained satisfactorily neither by a rise in intracellular pCO2 nor by an increase in the rate of urine flow, but seemed best explained by the fact that Diamox itself acted as a urinary buffer.


1977 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiah Al-Dulymi ◽  
R. Hainsworth

1. A new open-circuit respiratory method was developed to estimate mixed venous Pco2 more rapidly and accurately than is possible with rebreathing techniques. 2. The subject breathes a mixture of CO2 in air from an open circuit. Carbon dioxide is added to the air flowing through the circuit at a rate such that the Pco2 in the inspired and expired gases (recorded continuously with a CO2 analyser) are almost identical. 3. Results from respiratory and cardiac patients showed that equilibrium occurred in less than 10 s. There was good agreement between the tensions of CO2 in the respiratory plateaux and in mixed venous and arterial blood withdrawn during equilibrium. 4. During exercise, the tensions of CO2 of the plateaux and arterial blood at equilibrium also showed good agreement. 5. It is suggested that the new method represents an improvement over rebreathing methods as equilibrium is achieved rapidly before the mixed venous tension rises from recirculation.


1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Zupping

✓ Acid-base and gas parameters of CSF, jugular venous and arterial blood were measured in 45 patients with brain injury in the first 12 days after trauma or operation. CSF metabolic acidosis together with respiratory alkalosis and hypoxemia in the cerebral venous and arterial blood were the most characteristic findings. A close correlation between the severity of brain damage and the intensity of the CSF metabolic acidosis and arterial hypocapnia was revealed. It was concluded that brain hypoxia and acidosis play an important role in the development of cerebral edema and permanent brain damage.


1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALFRED C. REDFIELD ◽  
ROBERT GOODKIND

1. The oxygen and carbon-dioxide content of the arterial and venous blood of the squid, Loligo pealei, have been measured. 2. Using a nomographic method of analysis it is shown that the reciprocal effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide upon the respiratory properties of squid haemocyanin account for one-third of the respiratory exchange. 3. The venous blood is estimated to be 0.13 pH unit more acid than the arterial blood. 4. Death from asphyxiation occurs when the oxygen and carbon-dioxide pressures are such that the arterial blood can combine with only 0.5 to 1.5 volumes per cent, oxygen. Carbon dioxide exerts no toxic effect except through its influence on the oxygenation of the blood. 5. The haemocyanin of the blood is of vital necessity to the squid, because the amount of oxygen which can be physically dissolved in blood is less than the amount which is necessary for the maintenance of life.


1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. R126-R131
Author(s):  
C. Galletti ◽  
M. G. Maioli ◽  
E. R. Sanseverino

Experiments were carried out to study blood acid-base equilibrium in the cat during experiments with artificial ventilation. Blood acid-base equilibrium was examined in the arterial and venous blood by analyzing pH, carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressure, and plasma bicarbonates. Artificial ventilation was regulated on the basis of this analysis; CO2 concentration in expired air was monitored throughout the experiment. An attempt was made to verify if artificial ventilation could be regulated indirectly only on the basis of CO2 concentration in expired air. The most appropriate acid-base equilibrium was maintained when CO2 concentration in expired air was kept within the range of 3.9-4.1%.


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