Yield and fruit quality of peach scion by using rootstocks propagated by air layering and seed

In rootstock propagation, several methods can be used; however few practices are adopted due to the lack of information about the behavior of stionic combinations at field. The work aimed to compare the propagation method by air layering with the traditional propagation system by seeds using the scion peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivar Granada. The following variables were measured: yield, fruit weight and size, skin color, flesh firmness, total soluble solids content (TSS) and titatrable acidity (TA), TSS/TA ratio, total phenols, trunk diameter and pruning mass. Yield, total phenols and titatrable acidity were higher when using the air layering propagation. There was no difference between propagation methods regarding color and diameter of fruit, flesh firmness and total soluble solid and TSS/TA ratio. Depending on propagation method, the fruit weight did not differ, nevertheless using the seed propagated Capdeboscq rootstock fruit weight was heavier. Plant behavior in each propagation method depended on the rootstock used. Scion cultivar (cv.) Granada on air layering rootstock-derived keeps similar or superior yield and same attributes of fruit quality, better than using rootstocks derived from seeds.

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Apple Orchard Productivity and Fruit Quality under Organic, Conventional, and Integrated Management

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.1.99 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 99-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Gregory M. Peck ◽

Preston K. Andrews ◽

John P. Reganold ◽

John K. Fellman

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Block Design ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Apple Orchard ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Crop Load ◽

Flesh Firmness

Located on a 20-ha commercial apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchard in the Yakima Valley, Washington, a 1.7-ha study area was planted with apple trees in 1994 in a randomized complete block design with four replications of three treatments: organic (ORG), conventional (CON), and integrated (INT). Soil classification, rootstock, cultivar, plant age, and all other conditions except management were the same on all plots. In years 9 (2002) and 10 (2003) of this study, we compared the orchard productivity and fruit quality of `Galaxy Gala' apples. Measurements of crop yield, yield efficiency, crop load, average fruit weight, tree growth, color grades, and weight distributions of marketable fruit, percentages of unmarketable fruit, classifications of unmarketable fruit, as well as leaf, fruit, and soil mineral concentrations, were used to evaluate orchard productivity. Apple fruit quality was assessed at harvest and after refrigerated (0 to 1 °C) storage for three months in regular atmosphere (ambient oxygen levels) and for three and six months in controlled atmosphere (1.5% to 2% oxygen). Fruit internal ethylene concentrations and evolution, fruit respiration, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), purgeable volatile production, sensory panels, and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were used to evaluate fruit quality. ORG crop yields were two-thirds of the CON and about half of the INT yields in 2002, but about one-third greater than either system in 2003. High ORG yields in 2003 resulted in smaller ORG fruit. Inconsistent ORG yields were probably the result of several factors, including unsatisfactory crop load management, higher pest and weed pressures, lower leaf and fruit tissue nitrogen, and deficient leaf tissue zinc concentrations. Despite production difficulties, ORG apples had 6 to 10 N higher flesh firmness than CON, and 4 to 7 N higher than INT apples, for similar-sized fruit. Consumer panels tended to rate ORG and INT apples to have equal or better overall acceptability, firmness, and texture than CON apples. Neither laboratory measurements nor sensory evaluations detected differences in SSC, TA, or the SSC to TA ratio. Consumers were unable to discern the higher concentrations of flavor volatiles found in CON apples. For a 200 g fruit, ORG apples contained 10% to 15% more TAA than CON apples and 8% to 25% more TAA than INT apples. Across most parameters measured in this study, the CON and INT farm management systems were more similar to each other than either was to the ORG system. The production challenges associated with low-input organic apple farming systems are discussed. Despite limited technologies and products for organic apple production, the ORG apples in our study showed improvements in some fruit quality attributes that could aid their marketability.

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Peach Fruit Quality Is Affected by Shade during Final Swell of Fruit Growth

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.116.3.383 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 116 (3) ◽

pp. 383-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Richard P. Marini ◽

Donald Sowers ◽

Michele Choma Marini

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Fruit Drop ◽

Red Color ◽

Solids Content ◽

Fruit Harvest ◽

The Relationship

Girdled or nongirdled `Biscoe' peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch) secondary scaffold branches were covered with shade fabric to provide a range of photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) from 44 to 20 days before harvest (DBH), from 20 to 0 DBH or 44 to 0 DBH. Fruit quality was affected differently by the various periods of shade during the final swell of fruit development. Shading 40 to 20 DBH did not affect fruit weight or quality, whereas shading 44 to 0 DBH had the greatest effect on fruit weight and quality. Fruit quality was generally similar on branches exposed to 100% and 45% incident PPFD (IPPFD). Fruit on” girdled branches generally responded to shade more than fruit on nongirdled branches. Fruit weight was positively related to percent IPPFD for girdfed but not nongirdled branches shaded 20 to 0 DBH and 44 to DBH. On nongirdled branches, fruit exposed to 45% IPPFD for 44 to 0 DBH had 14% less red color and 21% lower soluble solids content (SSC) than nonshaded fruit. Harvest was delayed >10 days and preharvest fruit drop was increased by shading to <23% IPPFD. Shading branches for 20 to 0 or 44 to 0 DBH altered the relationship between flesh firmness and ground color: Firmness declined as ground color changed from green to yellow for fruit shaded 44 to 20 DBH, but firmness declined with little change in ground color for fruit shaded 20 to 0 or 44 to 0 DBH. Girdling results indicated that fruit weight and SSC partially depended on photosynthate from nonshaded portions of the canopy, whereas fruit redness, days from bloom to harvest, and ground color depended on PPFD in the vicinity of the fruit.

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Heritability, Genetic, and Phenotypic Correlations of Several Peach Traits

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.763b ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 763B-763

Author(s):

Valdomiro A.B. de Souza ◽

David H. Byrne ◽

Jeremy F. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Mixed Linear Model ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Genetic Progress ◽

Multiple Trait ◽

Phenotypic Correlations ◽

Genetic And Phenotypic Correlations

Heritability estimates are useful to predict genetic progress among offspring when the parents are selected on their performance, but they also provide information about major changes in the amount and nature of genetic variability through generations. Genetic and phenotypic correlations, on the other hand, are useful for better planning of selection programs. In this research, seedlings of 39 families resulting from crosses among 27 peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars and selections were evaluated for date of full bloom (DFB), date of ripening (DR), fruit period development (FDP), flower density (FD), node density (ND), fruit density (FRD), fruit weight (WT), soluble solids content (SS), apical protuberance (TIP), red skin color (BLUSH), and shape (SH) in 1993 and 1994. The data were analyzed using the mixed linear model. The best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) was used to estimate fixed effects and predict breeding values (BV). Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) was used to estimate variance components, and a multiple-trait model to estimate genetic and phenotypic covariances between traits. The data indicates high heritability for DFB, DR, FDP, and BLUSH, intermediate heritability for WT, TIP, and SH, and low heritability for FD, ND, FRD, and SS. They also indicate year effect as a major environmental component affecting seedling performance. High correlation estimates were found between some traits, but further analysis is needed to determine their significance.

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Agronomic performance of the Maciel peach with different rootstocks

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n3p1217 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 1217 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Caroline Farias Barreto ◽

Marines Batalha Moreno Kirinus ◽

Pricila Santos da Silva ◽

Carina Radmann Schiavon ◽

Cesar Valmor Rombaldi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Agronomic Performance ◽

Total Carotenoids ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Flesh Firmness ◽

Canopy Volume

The rootstock influences the agronomic performance of fruit plants. In Prunus persica (peach), particularly those varieties produced in Brazil, this relationship is not well understood. We, therefore, set out to evaluate the performance of the peach cultivar Maciel with eight rootstocks, Aldrighi, Capdeboscq, Flordaguard, Nemaguard, Okinawa, Umezeiro, Tsukuba, and Seleção Viamão, planted in 2006 and evaluated in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons. Phenology of flowering, trunk diameter, canopy volume, fruit number, and yield were evaluated in the field. For the fruit, we evaluated the mass, diameter, color, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, concentration of total phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity. Plants from the Aldrighi and Nemaguard rootstocks flowered earlier than plants from the other rootstocks in 2014, and in 2015, flowering was variable in all rootstocks. The cultivar Maciel on Umezeiro had low vigor, trunk diameter, and canopy volume. On Aldrighi, Capdeboscq, Flordaguard, Nemaguard, and Tsukuba this cultivar showed good production rates. The fruit color, flesh firmness, concentration of soluble solids, total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and total carotenoids were influenced by rootstock and harvest.

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Evaluating Grafted Watermelon for Verticillium Wilt Severity, Yield, and Fruit Quality in Washington State

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.50.9.1332 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (9) ◽

pp. 1332-1337 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jesse Wimer ◽

Debra Inglis ◽

Carol Miles

Keyword(s):

Verticillium Wilt ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Verticillium Dahliae ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Washington State ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Flesh Firmness ◽

Mount Vernon ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Serious Disease

Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is a serious disease for watermelon growers in Washington State. Grafting represents a possible alternative disease management strategy, but little is known about rootstock resistance to verticillium wilt or the performance of grafted watermelon in the different production regions of the state. In this study, verticillium wilt severity, yield, and fruit quality were evaluated at three contrasting field sites in Washington using verticillium wilt-susceptible ‘Sugar Baby’ (diploid) watermelon grafted onto four commercial rootstock cultivars (Marvel, Rampart, Tetsukabuto, and Titan); nongrafted ‘Sugar Baby’ was included as the control. Verticillium dahliae soil densities varied at each site (<1.0, 5.7, and 18.0 colony-forming units (cfu)/g soil at Othello, Eltopia, and Mount Vernon, respectively). Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values differed significantly among treatments at Eltopia and Mount Vernon. Nongrafted ‘Sugar Baby’ had the highest AUDPC value at all three sites, while ‘Sugar Baby’ grafted onto ‘Tetsukabuto’ had the lowest AUDPC value at Eltopia and Mount Vernon. Nongrafted ‘Sugar Baby’ also had the lowest fruit weight per plant at all sites, but ‘Sugar Baby’ grafted onto ‘Tetsukabuto’ had the highest fruit weight per plant at Eltopia and Mount Vernon. Marketable fruit weight per plant did not differ among treatments at Othello. Yield was negatively correlated with AUDPC values at both Eltopia and Mount Vernon. Fruit number per plant was only significantly impacted at Eltopia, where ‘Sugar Baby’ grafted onto ‘Tetsukabuto’ had more fruit per plant than all other treatments except ‘Sugar Baby’ grafted onto ‘Rampart’. Fruit quality (flesh firmness, total soluble solids, and lycopene content) was unaffected by grafting at either Othello or Eltopia, except for increased flesh firmness for ‘Sugar Baby’ grafted onto ‘Marvel’ and ‘Titan’ as compared with nongrafted ‘Sugar Baby’ at Eltopia. At season’s end, plants were sampled from all treatments at Eltopia and Mount Vernon and assayed for V. dahliae. Microsclerotia typical of this organism were observed in all samples. Results from this study indicate that verticillium wilt of watermelon can be successfully managed by grafting when the V. dahliae soil density exceeds 5.0 cfu/g in Washington. In addition, grafting does not reduce fruit quality and using certain rootstocks can improve the quality of flesh firmness at certain locations.

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Relationship between Flesh Firmness and Ground Color in Peach as Influenced by Light and Canopy Position

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.128.2.0163 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 128 (2) ◽

pp. 163-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Kara Senger Lewallen ◽

Richard P. Marini

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Aluminum Foil ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Fruit Firmness ◽

Flesh Firmness ◽

Canopy Position ◽

Hue Angle ◽

The Relationship

The influence of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) on peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit quality and the relationship between ground color and flesh firmness was studied by performing three experiments. Fruit with varying ground colors were sampled from different canopy positions with varying PPF. Fruit skin color was measured with a tristimulus colorimeter and values for L* (lightness), chroma (brightness), and hue angle (numerical values for color) were calculated for each fruit. Fruit from the canopy exterior generally were larger, had more surface area colored red, had higher soluble solids concentrations, and were darker, duller, and redder than fruit harvested from interior positions. In all three experiments, the relationship between hue angle and fruit firmness was affected by PPF, but the nature of the relationship (linear vs. curvilinear) and the influence of position was not consistent. When fruit were covered with aluminum foil or a section of the fruit surface was covered with duct tape to prevent light-induced red coloration of the skin, the relationship between hue angle and fruit firmness was similar for different canopy positions. Therefore, the relationship between ground color and fruit firmness is influenced by the light environment in which a fruit develops, and not by canopy position. Ground color does not seem to be a good indicator of fruit firmness because fruit with the same hue angle had greatly differing firmnesses.

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Postharvest quality of ‘Galaxy’ apples submitted to the treatment with 1-MCP and different cooling times between harvest and cold storage

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20160926 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Crizane Hackbarth ◽

Cristiano André Steffens ◽

Cassandro Vidal Talamini do Amarante ◽

Mayara Cristiana Stanger ◽

Auri Brackmann

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Skin Color ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Postharvest Quality ◽

Flesh Firmness ◽

And Storage

ABSTRACT: In this research it was evaluated if the use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), associated to different cooling times between the harvest and storage, replaces the pre-cooling in ‘Galaxy’ apples. Treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme, combining the following factors: application of 1-MCP (with or without) and different times between harvest and cooling (24 hours, 96 hours, 144 hours and 192 hours in 2013; and 24 hours, 48 hours, 144 hours and 240 hours in 2014). After four months of cold storage (1.0±0.2°C/92±5% RH - Relative Humidity) were evaluated: flesh firmness, texture, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS) and skin color. Apples treated with 1-MCP showed greater flesh firmness, texture and SS, in both years, and more TA and lower incidence of mealy flesh compared to apples not treated with 1-MCP in 2013. The 1-MCP was effective in maintaining the fruit quality, even with the cooling delay of up to 240 hours. Cooling delay of 192 hours and 240 hours in ‘Galaxy’ apples not treated with 1-MCP should be avoided because it reduces the quality of fruits.

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A Fruit Quality Survey of Peach Cultivars Grown in the Southeastern United States

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech03870-17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 189-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Catherine Belisle ◽

Uyen T.X. Phan ◽

Koushik Adhikari ◽

Dario J. Chavez

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Skin Color ◽

Significant Variation ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Southeastern United States ◽

Color Space ◽

Quality Characteristics ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Cultivar Differences

Peach (Prunus persica) production in the southeastern United States extends from mid-May to mid-September. There are ≈60 peach cultivars commercially grown. Each cultivar has unique fruit quality characteristics, which could influence consumer perception and likability. The present study is a survey of chemical and physical characteristics of mature, commercially grown, fresh peaches in Georgia. A collection of 30 cultivars was evaluated in 2015 and 2016 for soluble solids concentration (SSC), total titratable acidity (TTA), SSC/TTA ratio, texture (compression, puncture, and Kramer shear), and skin and flesh color (CIE L*, chroma, and hue color space values). There was significant variation between seasons for all variables (P < 0.05) except for TTA (P = 0.12), and flesh hue values (P = 0.38). Statistical differences among cultivars within each year were reported for all variables (P < 0.0001). SSC showed variation seasonally and among cultivars, whereas TTA variation was mainly attributed to cultivar differences. Similarly, cultivar-to-cultivar differences were found when comparing the different texture tests evaluated with cultivars such as Goldprince, Early August Prince, Flameprince, Majestic, and Red Globe having the most variation between seasons. Other cultivars analyzed had little variation between seasons. Moreover, firmness differences observed across the three texture tests were inconsistent. In peach skin color, significant variation was observed for L*, chroma, and hue among cultivars. Skin hue and chroma were highly correlated within each season (r = 0.77 for 2015, r = 0.72 for 2016). The results of this survey demonstrate the variation of quality characteristics for a large selection of peach cultivars grown in Georgia. The information reported in this paper will be used as a baseline for further examining and understanding peach fruit quality.

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Tree Growth and Productivity and Postharvest Fruit Quality in Various Strains of `Delicious' Apple

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.119.3.389 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 119 (3) ◽

pp. 389-395 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Esmaeil Fallahi ◽

Brenda R. Simons ◽

John K. Fellman ◽

Mark A. Longstroth ◽

W. Michael Colt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Skin Color ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

High Yield ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Cross Sectional

Twenty-six strains of `Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were evaluated over several years for growth, yield, and fruit quality at harvest and after 6 months of storage. `August Red', `Rose Red', and `Sharp Red' had larger trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) 3 and 18 years after planting compared to most other strains. `August Red' and `Starking' had larger TCSA and cumulative yield. `Apex,' `Improved Ryan Spur', `Silverspur', `Starkrimson', and `Wellspur' were also among strains with high cumulative yields and yield efficiencies. `Hardi-Brite Spur' and `Red King Oregon Spur' had moderately high yields and small TCSAs, thus, high yield efficiencies. `Atwood', `Hardispur', `Imperial', `Improved Ryanred', `Starkspur Supreme', and `Topred' had low cumulative yields. `Ace' and `Improved Ryanred' had low yield efficiencies. `Ace', `Imperial', `Red King Oregon Spur', `Rose Red', `Starking', and `Wellspur' had heavier fruit, while fruit weight in `August Red', `Hardispur', and `Starkrimson' was lighter than that in most other strains. `Redspur' and `Starkspur Supreme' had the largest length to diameter (L/D) ratios. `Early Red One' had a similar red skin color rating as `Rose Red.' The red skin color rating of `Early Red One' was significantly higher than that of all other strains. `Hi-Early', `Improved Ryanred', `Redspur', and `Starking' had the poorest skin color ratings. `Hardispur', `Nured Royal', `Silverspur', and `Starkrimson' had high soluble solids concentrations (SSCs) at harvest and after storage. `Early Red One', `Imperial', `Improved Ryan Spur', and `Red King Oregon Spur' had lower SSCs at harvest and after storage. Fruit of `Apex' and `Redspur' had relatively high firmness at harvest, while `Hardispur', `Silverspur', `Starkrimson', and `Starkspur Supreme' had firm fruit at harvest and after storage. `Hardi-Brite Spur' had the softest fruit after storage, and fruit from `Rose Red' had a lower firmness than most other strains at harvest and after storage. Considering cumulative yield, yield efficiency, or some quality parameters, `Apex', `Classic Red', `Improved Ryan Spur', `Red King Oregon Spur', `Silverspur', and `Wellspur' had satisfactory overall performance. Strains are also suggested for planting depending on the market situation and the demand for a particular quality factor. `Hardispur' and `Sturdeespur' (Miller) are not recommended for planting under climatic conditions similar to those of this experiment.

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Field Performance of Guardian™ Peach Rootstock Selections

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.37.7.1049 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

pp. 1049-1052 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

B.S. Wilkins ◽

R.C. Ebel ◽

W.A. Dozier ◽

J. Pitts ◽

D.J. Eakes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

Skin Color ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Management Practices ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Field Performance ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Leaf Transpiration ◽

Peach Trees

Twelve peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] seedling rootstocks [Lovell, Nemaguard, Flordaguard, 14DR51, five Guardian™ (BY520-9) selections, and three BY520-8 selections] budded with `Cresthaven' were planted in 1994 and evaluated through 2000 to determine performance under commercial management practices. Mesocriconema xenoplax population densities were above the South Carolina nematicide treatment threshold of 50 nematodes/100 cm3 of soil after 1996. However, symptoms of peach tree short life (PTSL) were not observed. Tree mortality was less than 14% through 1999, with most of the dead trees exhibiting symptoms consistent with Armillaria root rot. About 13% of the surviving trees in 1999 were removed in 2000 due to symptoms of phony peach. There were no differences in tree mortality among rootstocks. Tree growth, photosynthesis, and suckering varied among rootstocks, but leaf conductance, internal CO2, and leaf transpiration did not. Foliar calcium, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus varied among rootstocks, but all were within the range considered sufficient for peach trees. Fruit yield varied among rootstocks, but yield efficiency did not, indicating that higher yield corresponded with larger trees. Bloom date did not vary among rootstocks, but harvest date was advanced as much as 2 days for some rootstocks, compared to Lovell. Fruit weight varied among rootstocks but skin color, flesh firmness, and soluble solids content were similar. All rootstocks performed satisfactorily for commercial peach production.

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