A Molecular Phylogeny for the Genus Coccoloba (Polygonaceae) with an Assessment of Biogeographic Patterns

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-575
Author(s):  
Daniel Mark Koenemann ◽  
Janelle M. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
New World ◽  
South American ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Migration Event

Abstract—Species in the genus Coccoloba are trees, shrubs, and lianas present in low elevation tropical and sub-tropical forests. Since 1756, well over 400 taxa have been described for Coccoloba. Coccoloba species are natively distributed throughout the New World in a variety of habitats. Despite being distributed throughout the Neotropics, the concentration of Coccoloba species in a given area varies considerably, with four centers of diversity for the genus: southern and coastal Brazil, the West Indies, Mesoamerica, and Amazonia. We here present the first molecular phylogeny of Coccoloba and use this phylogeny to investigate geographic patterns of diversity within the genus. The topology of the phylogeny and the closest related genera to Coccoloba suggest a Mesoamerican origin for the genus. The South American species are recovered as the crown group of the phylogeny with one instance of a separate migration event from Mesoamerica to South America. Coccoloba species in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean show little to no geographic pattern to their diversification. Mesoamerica and the Caribbean are best considered as one phytogeographic region for Coccoloba.

scholarly journals Molecular Population Structure ofJunoniaButterflies from French Guiana, Guadeloupe, and Martinique

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber P. Gemmell ◽  
Tanja E. Borchers ◽  
Jeffrey M. Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Plant Use ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Host Plant Use

Up to 9 described species ofJunoniabutterflies occur in the Americas, but authorities disagree due to species similarities, geographical and seasonal variability, and possible hybridization. In dispute is whether CaribbeanJunoniaare conspecific with South American species.Cytochrome oxidase I(COI) barcodes,wingless(wg) sequences, and Randomly Amplified Fingerprints (RAF) were studied to revealJunoniapopulation structure in French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Argentina. Phylogenetic analysis ofCOIrecovered 2 haplotype groups, but mostJunoniaspecies can have either haplotype, soCOIbarcodes are ambiguous. Analysis of nuclearwinglessalleles revealed geographic patterns but did not identifyJunoniaspecies. Nuclear RAF genotyping distinguished 11 populations ofJunoniaarranged into 3 clusters. Gene flow occurs within clusters but is limited between clusters. One cluster included all Argentinian samples. Two clusters included samples from French Guiana, Martinique, and Guadeloupe and appear to be divided by larval host plant use (Lamiales versus Scrophulariales). ManyJunoniataxa were distributed across populations, possibly reflecting patterns of genetic exchange. We had difficulty distinguishing between the Caribbean formsJ. zonalisandJ. neildi, but we demonstrate that CaribbeanJunoniaare genetically distinct from South AmericanJ. evareteandJ. genoveva, supporting the taxonomic hypothesis that they are heterospecific.

scholarly journals Molecular Phylogeny of the Myxobolus and Henneguya Genera with Several New South American Species

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. e73713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus Maldonado Carriero ◽  
Edson A. Adriano ◽  
Márcia R. M. Silva ◽  
Paulo S. Ceccarelli ◽  
Antonio A. M. Maia
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
New South ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species

Geographic Patterns In Pollen Production In The Plant Ring Species Euphorbia tithymaloides In The Caribbean

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-853
Author(s):  
N. Ivalú Cacho ◽  
Daniel José-Zacatula
Keyword(s):  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
Male Function ◽  
Inflorescence Morphology ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
Ring Species ◽  
Ovule Production

Abstract—We examine investment in male function in the context of geography and floral morphology in the plant ring species Euphorbia tithymaloides, which colonized the Caribbean from Mexico/Guatemala along two fronts that roughly correspond to the Greater and the Lesser Antilles and that meet in the vicinity of the Anegada Passage. Our results on investment in pollen relative to ovule production are consistent with E. tithymaloides relying on pollinators for reproduction across its range in the Caribbean. We document a geographic pattern of reduction in anther number and pollen:ovule ratios in populations of E. tithymaloides towards the Anegada Passage, which is consistent with a possible geographic transition towards a mixed breeding system where selfing has increased importance in this area where its two expansion fronts meet. The reduction in pollen production is correlated with inflorescence morphology, which converges to relatively shorter cyathia towards the Anegada Passage along both fronts. We discuss alternative scenarios and potential drivers of the patterns we document.

CYTOTAXONOMIC STUDIES ON NEW WORLD SPECIES OF ANEMONE (SECTION ERIOCEPHALUS) WITH TUBEROUS ROOTSTOCKS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 899-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecily Joseph ◽  
Margaret Heimburger
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
New World ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
South American ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
South American Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
North And South

The American species of Anemone L. (section Eriocephalus Hook. f. & Thoms.) with tuberous rootstocks were studied by biosystematic methods. Anemone caroliniana Walt., A. heterophylla Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, A. tuberosa Rydb., and A. edwardsiana Tharp (tentatively) are recognized from North America and A. decapetala Ard., A. triternata Vahl, and A. cicutifolia Johnst. from South America. Karyotypes of the diploid species (2n = 16), A. heterophylla, A. tuberosa, A. decapetala, and A. triternata are described. They resemble the karyotype of A. caroliniana published earlier. Anemone edwardsiana and A. cicutifolia are also presumed diploid from stomatal and pollen grain studies. A new taxon (2n = 32), of undecided status, was obtained from Chile. North American plants included by authors in A. decapetala are here referred to A. heterophylla. The North and South American species appear to form two separate groups, the species of each continent being more closely related among themselves than to those of the other continent. Fewer stomata, larger chromosome size, and higher DNA content are characteristic of the North American species. Additional support for the separation of the two groups derives from limited meiotic studies which indicate a larger number of inversion differences in inter- than in intra-continental hybrids.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study of the Virome of the South American Free-Tailed Bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) and Identification of Two Novel Mammalian Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 422
Author(s):  
Elisa M. Bolatti ◽  
Tomaž M. Zorec ◽  
María E. Montani ◽  
Lea Hošnjak ◽  
Diego Chouhy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
South American ◽  
The Novel ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Tadarida Brasiliensis ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anal Swab

Bats provide important ecosystem services as pollinators, seed dispersers, and/or insect controllers, but they have also been found harboring different viruses with zoonotic potential. Virome studies in bats distributed in Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America have increased dramatically over the past decade, whereas information on viruses infecting South American species is scarce. We explored the virome of Tadarida brasiliensis, an insectivorous New World bat species inhabiting a maternity colony in Rosario (Argentina), by a metagenomic approach. The analysis of five pooled oral/anal swab samples indicated the presence of 43 different taxonomic viral families infecting a wide range of hosts. By conventional nucleic acid detection techniques and/or bioinformatics approaches, the genomes of two novel viruses were completely covered clustering into the Papillomaviridae (Tadarida brasiliensis papillomavirus type 1, TbraPV1) and Genomoviridae (Tadarida brasiliensis gemykibivirus 1, TbGkyV1) families. TbraPV1 is the first papillomavirus type identified in this host and the prototype of a novel genus. TbGkyV1 is the first genomovirus reported in New World bats and constitutes a new species within the genus Gemykibivirus. Our findings extend the knowledge about oral/anal viromes of a South American bat species and contribute to understand the evolution and genetic diversity of the novel characterized viruses.

A new genus for Painter & Painter’s Villa “celer”-group in the New World (Diptera: Bombyliidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4748 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-314
Author(s):  
NEAL L. EVENHUIS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Type Species ◽  
New World ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
South American ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Species Study

The bee fly genus Hemipenthes Loew in the New World reflects a heterogeneous assemblage of species. Study of species attributed to Painter & Painter’s 1962 Villa “celer” group (the species were later transferred to Hemipenthes) from the southern United States, and Central and South America shows a suite of characters that separate it from Hemipenthes s. str. and it is here described as the new genus Ins Evenhuis, n. gen. with its type species Anthrax ignea Macquart. Eight described species are here transferred to Ins: Ins celeris (Wiedemann, 1828), n. comb., Ins constituta (Walker, 1852), n. comb.; Ins curta (Loew, 1869), n. comb., Ins ignea (Macquart, 1846), n. comb.; Ins leucocephala (Wulp, 1886), n. comb., Ins martinorum (Painter, 1962), n. comb., Ins minas (Macquart, 1848), n. comb., and Ins pleuralis (Williston, 1901), n. comb. Two new species, Ins pectorcolumbo Evenhuis, n. sp. from El Salvador and Ins zanouts Evenhuis, n. sp. from Panama and Costa Rica are described and illustrated. The holotype of Anthrax divisa Walker, 1852, has been examined and found to be conspecific with Ins minas (Macquart, 1848), n. syn., and Anthrax galathea Osten Sacken, 1886 is found to be synonymous with Ins constituta (Walker, 1852), n. syn. Two other South American species currently in Hemipenthes, H. melaleuca (Wiedemann), and H. ruficollis (Bigot) are here transferred to Chrysanthrax, n. combs. A key to species in the genus is given. 

Two new species of orb-weaving spiders of the genus Larinia (Araneae, Araneidae) in meridional Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4247 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO OTT ◽  
EVERTON NEI LOPES RODRIGUES
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
South American ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
First Time ◽  
World Distribution

The araneid genus Larinia Simon currently includes 56 species, eleven of them with New World distribution (World Spider Catalog, 2016). North American species of the genus were revised first time by Levi (1975) and South American species by Harrod et al. (1991). According to these authors there are four species known from subtropical South America (Larinia bivittata Keyserling 1885; L. montecarlo (Levi, 1988); L. t-notata (Tullgren, 1905); L. tucuman Harrod, Levi & Leibensperger, 1991) and also four species known from tropical South America (L. ambo Harrod, Levi & Leibensperger, 1991; L. directa (Hentz, 1847); L. lampa Harrod, Levi & Leibensperger, 1991; L. neblina Harrod, Levi & Leibensperger, 1991). According to Buckup et al. (2010) a total of 209 species of Araneidae are recorded for state of Rio Grande do Sul, including the three species L. bivittata, L. montecarlo and L. t-notata. 

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Relationships of the Red-Bellied Grackle (Icteridae: Hypopyrrhus Pyrohypogaster) Inferred From Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 664-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Daniel Cadena ◽  
Andrés M. Cuervo ◽  
Scott M. Lanyon
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities

Abstract The phylogenetic affinities of the Red-bellied Grackle (Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster), a Colombian endemic and the only member of this genus, are enigmatic. Based on phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the cytochrome b and ND2 mitochondrial genes, we present a first hypothesis on the systematic position of Hypopyrrhus. In so doing, we complete the sampling at the genus level for a published phylogeny of New World blackbirds (Johnson and Lanyon 1999). Hypopyrrhus belongs in a clade composed of mostly South American species within the grackles and allies assemblage, one of the five main lineages in the Icteridae. Within this lineage, Hypopyrrhus is consistently placed in a clade with Gymnomystax mexicanus and Lampropsar tanagrinus, but parsimony and maximum-likelihood reconstructions do not agree on which of these species is its sister taxon. Vocal and morphological data suggest that Hypopyrrhus and Gymnomystax are likely sister taxa. The addition of Hypopyrrhus does not cause major topological changes to Johnson and Lanyon's (1999) phylogeny of the grackles and allies; thus, the conclusions of evolutionary studies that used this phylogeny as a baseline remain largely unaltered. Relaciones Filogenéticas de Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster (Icteridae) Inferidas a Partir de Secuencias de ADN Mitocondrial Resumen. Las afinidades filogenéticas de Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster, el único miembro de este género endémico de Colombia, son enigmáticas. En este estudio establecemos la posición sistemática de Hypopyrrhus con base en análisis filogenéticos de secuencias de los genes mitocondriales citocromo b y ND2. Además, completamos el muestreo a nivel genérico para una filogenia del grupo publicada por Johnson y Lanyon (1999). Hypopyrrhus pertenece a un clado compuesto principalmente por especies suramericanas dentro del grupo de los changos y chamones, uno de los cinco clados principales de los Icteridae. Dentro de este grupo, Hypopyrrhus se ubica consistentemente en un clado junto con Gymnomystax mexicanus y Lampropsar tanagrinus, pero las reconstrucciones de parsimonia y máxima verosimilitud se contradicen en cuanto a cuál de estas especies es su taxón hermano. Datos de vocalizaciones y morfología sugieren que Hypopyrrhus y Gymnomystax son probablemente géneros hermanos. La incorporación de Hypopyrrhus a la filogenia de Johnson y Lanyon (1989) no causó cambios topoló gicos importantes, por lo que las conclusiones de los estudios evolutivos que usaron esta filogenia como base no fueron alteradas.

Description of a new Amblystira (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) from Argentina with a key to the South American species of the genus

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2675 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARA I. MONTEMAYOR
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
South America ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
New World ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Important Crop

Amblystira Stål is a new world American genus comprising nineteen species, most of them distributed in Central and South America. Nine species have been recorded from South America, and only Amblystira silvicola Drake is known from Argentina (Drake & Ruhoff, 1965). Members of the genus are dark, the cephalic spines are generally absent or poorly developed, the hood is absent, the paranota are scarcely developed or absent as well as the lateral pronotal carinae, the discoidal area is short not reaching the middle of the hemelytra, and the costal area is slender. The only member of the genus that has been recorded as a pest is Amblystira machalana Van Duzee, commonly known as “black lacebug”, which feeds on cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, an important crop of South America. Arias & Belloti (2003) studied the life cycle, behavior, and damage caused by A. machalana on M. esculenta. (Guilbert, 2005) described the fifth instar of Amblystira peltogyne Drake & Hambleton.

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