Mowing Any Time after Midsummer Can Manage Japanese Stiltgrass

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela L. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Control Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
Japanese Stiltgrass ◽  
Number Of Stems

AbstractJapanese stiltgrass is one of the most aggressive, rapidly spreading invasive plants in the eastern United States. Management guidelines state that mowing can help manage Japanese stiltgrass but that mowing is most effective when done late in the season after the plants begin to flower and before they set seed. In this study, I tested the effectiveness of mowing at three different times between mid-June and early September in 2009 and 2010, as well as mowing twice in 1 yr and for two consecutive years. The effectiveness of mowing Japanese stiltgrass was determined by measuring percentage of cover, biomass, seed production, and the number of stems in the summer following mowing. All mowing treatments significantly reduced percentage of cover, biomass, seed production, and the number of Japanese stiltgrass stems the following year. In 2009, all of the mowing treatments significantly reduced biomass, percentage of cover, and seed production. The latest mow, at the end of August, resulted in a slightly greater reduction of cleistogamous seeds. In 2010, the earliest mowing treatment, in mid-June, did not reduce cover and biomass as much as the other mowing treatments. Overall, these results suggest that mowing can be an effective control method for Japanese stiltgrass and that mowing any time after June should be effectively equivalent, although later mowing may provide some marginal advantage.

The Acceptance and Persistence of Ring Vessels and Stirrup Spout-Handles in the Southwest

1964 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
San Juan ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Historic Period

AbstractThe ring vessel (or “doughnut jar”) and the stirrup spout-handle concepts probably diffused together, not only from Peru to Mesoamerica during the pre-Classic, but also from Mesoamerica to the southwestern and eastern United States. In the Southwest they first appeared in the San Juan area around A.D. 500; later they were accepted by other Anasazi and Anasazi-influenced cultures and persisted to the historic period. The apparent interest of the early Anasazi in odd vessel shapes may account for the acceptance of these two shape concepts by the Anasazi rather than by the Hohokam or Mogollon. The ring vessels and stirrup tubes may have continued into the historic period because, unlike most of the other odd forms, these had come to be traditional in certain persisting ceremonial contexts. However, before these suggestions can be adequately evaluated, more information from the Southwest is needed, and the meanings and associations of the two forms in Mesoamerica must be analyzed.

scholarly journals Exposure of Protected and Unprotected Forest to Plant Invasions in the Eastern United States

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Riitters ◽  
Kevin Potter ◽  
Basil Iannone ◽  
Christopher Oswalt ◽  
Qinfeng Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Forest Protection

Research Highlights: We demonstrate a macroscale framework combining an invasibility model with forest inventory data, and evaluate regional forest exposure to harmful invasive plants under different types of forest protection. Background and Objectives: Protected areas are a fundamental component of natural resource conservation. The exposure of protected forests to invasive plants can impede achievement of conservation goals, and the effectiveness of protection for limiting forest invasions is uncertain. We conducted a macroscale assessment of the exposure of protected and unprotected forests to harmful invasive plants in the eastern United States. Materials and Methods: Invasibility (the probability that a forest site has been invaded) was estimated for 82,506 inventory plots from site and landscape attributes. The invaded forest area was estimated by using the inventory sample design to scale up plot invasibility estimates to all forest area. We compared the invasibility and the invaded forest area of seven categories of protection with that of de facto protected (publicly owned) forest and unprotected forest in 13 ecological provinces. Results: We estimate approximately 51% of the total forest area has been exposed to harmful invasive plants, including 30% of the protected forest, 38% of the de facto protected forest, and 56% of the unprotected forest. Based on cumulative invasibility, the relative exposure of protection categories depended on the assumed invasibility threshold. Based on the invaded forest area, the five least-exposed protection categories were wilderness area (13% invaded), national park (18%), sustainable use (26%), nature reserve (31%), and de facto protected Federal land (36%). Of the total uninvaded forest area, only 15% was protected and 14% had de facto protection. Conclusions: Any protection is better than none, and public ownership alone is as effective as some types of formal protection. Since most of the remaining uninvaded forest area is unprotected, landscape-level management strategies will provide the most opportunities to conserve it.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Information Available on Fire and Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States

Fire Ecology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey L. Gucker ◽  
Kris Zouhar ◽  
Jane Kapler Smith ◽  
Katharine R. Stone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Eastern United States

Nonchemical and Herbicide Treatments for Management of Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum)

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Stuart Ward ◽  
Todd L. Mervosh
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Pelargonic Acid ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Connecticut River ◽  
Japanese Stiltgrass ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
June July

AbstractJapanese stiltgrass, an annual grass species native to eastern Asia, has become a serious invasive-plant problem in the eastern United States. We compared the efficacy of herbicides and nonchemical options found effective for controlling stiltgrass in earlier studies, with organic herbicides and herbicides used at reduced rates in a wooded floodplain along the lower Connecticut River. We compared the effect of 2 yr of conventional and alternative treatments on cover of other nonnative and native species. Four blocks of 18 plots (3 by 4 m [9.8 by 13.1 ft]) were established in May 2008. Treatments included directed heating with a propane torch (June, July), hand-pulling (July), mowing with a string trimmer (July, August), foliar applications of household vinegar [5% acetic acid] (June, July) and the herbicides imazapic (June), pelargonic acid (June, July), and pelargonic acid plus pendimethalin (June). The following herbicides were applied at labeled doses and at one-fourth labeled doses: fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (July), glufosinate (August), and glyphosate (August). Stiltgrass cover and height were evaluated periodically, and plant samples were collected in autumn of 2008 and 2009 to determine the number of viable seeds produced. Final evaluations were conducted in June 2010 after 2 yr of treatment. Stiltgrass cover averaged 88% on untreated plots in fall. All treatments reduced stiltgrass cover and seed production. The least-effective treatments were hand-pulling, pelargonic acid, and vinegar in July. Direct heating, mowing, and vinegar in June reduced seed production by more than 90%. All treatments containing imazapic, pelargonic acid plus pendimethalin, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, glufosinate, and glyphosate completely prevented stiltgrass seed production in the second year of treatment. Effective control of stiltgrass can be achieved during a 2-yr period with a variety of herbicides, including herbicides at one-fourth of the labeled dose, and through nonchemical treatments.

BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF EAST-CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PEST MANAGEMENT

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Adler ◽  
Peter G. Mason
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
East Central ◽  
Streams And Rivers ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Beaver Dams ◽  
A New Species

AbstractA 5-year study of the black flies of east-central Saskatchewan revealed 21 species, including Simulium incognitum sp.nov. Chromosomal and ecological evidence for reproductive isolation is presented for this new species, formerly known as S. venustum Say CC4, and S. venustum Say CC. All 21 species in the study are associated with productive streams and rivers. As many as nine of these species might comprise the pest assemblage harassing livestock. The major pest, S. luggeri Nicholson and Mickel, is cytologically distinct from populations in the eastern United States on the basis of a two-step, Y-linked inversion in the IIS chromosomal arm. Simulium luggeri is the only livestock pest that breeds almost solely in large streams and rivers. The other eight probable pests breed entirely or partly in streams less than 10 m wide, often below beaver dams, suggesting that management efforts should specifically target these sites.

scholarly journals (6) Sucker Removal and Pruning Affect on Heirloom Tomato Yield and Fruit Size

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1015C-1015
Author(s):  
Wesley L. Kline ◽  
Stephen A. Garrison ◽  
June F. Sudal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Cluster 2

Heirloom tomato production is increasing in the Eastern United states as consumer demand increases. Pruning and suckering heirloom tomatoes have not been studied to see if there is any need for this labor-intensive activity. A 2-year study was undertaken to evaluate whether pruning or suckering would affect yield or fruit size for two heirloom cultivars (`Mortgage Lifter' and `Prudens Purple'). The treatments imposed on the cultivars were 1) removing all suckers from the second or third stem down after the flower cluster; 2) removing the bottom two suckers, or 3) removing no suckers. Pruning had no effect on early yield or fruit size (harvests 1–4). Mid-season (harvests 5–7) total and marketable yields were significantly higher for removing two suckers or not suckering over the other two treatments for year 1, but not year 2. The tomato fruit size was only reduced for the non-suckering treatment. There were no statistical differences among the pruning treatments for yield or fruit size for late season harvests (8-10) for both years. Marketable yields were statistically higher for no suckering over the two- and three-stem treatments, but not different from two suckers when all harvests were combined for the season for year 1. No statistical differences were observed in year 2. However, fruit size was reduced when not suckering compared to the other treatments. The cultivar `Prudens Purple' did have higher total and marketable yield than `Mortgage Lifter' for both early and total combined harvests, but not for mid- or late-season harvests in year 1. There were no statistical differences between the two cultivars for year 2.

Porcelain Berry (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata), Bushkiller (Cayratia japonica), and Virginia-Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) in Interspecific Competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherrie E. Emerine ◽  
Robert J. Richardson ◽  
Consuelo Arellano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Invasive Weeds ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Riparian Areas ◽  
Cayratia Japonica ◽  
Parthenocissus Quinquefolia

AbstractPorcelain berry and bushkiller are confamilial, exotic, perennial vines in the Vitaceae family that are considered nuisance/invasive weeds of natural and riparian areas in the eastern United States. To better understand the competitive abilities of these aggressive weeds, greenhouse competition experiments were conducted on cuttings of porcelain berry, bushkiller, and Virginia-creeper, a native member of the Vitaceae family. Plants grown singly or in combination were monitored for stem growth and biomass production. In this research, porcelain berry and Virginia-creeper exhibited similar rates of stem growth, whereas bushkiller grew taller and faster than either of the other species. Porcelain berry stem growth was reduced in competition with bushkiller. All three species exhibited reduced stem biomass when grown with both other species. Root biomass of porcelain berry and Virginia-creeper were not affected by competition, but bushkiller, which produced the heaviest roots, exhibited reduced root biomass when grown with both other species. Porcelain berry root length was reduced by competition with both other species, but neither Virginia-creeper nor bushkiller root lengths were affected by competition. These results indicate that bushkiller is likely the strongest competitor of the three species studied. In these experiments, porcelain berry was less aggressive and vigorous than bushkiller but was similar to Virginia-creeper.

scholarly journals The Chinese Salamander

Oryx ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang Zhujian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Salamander Species ◽  
Shape And Size

Because the salamander Megalobatrachus davidianus makes sounds like a baby crying, its common name in China is ‘baby fish’. The largest amphibian now in existence, it may grow to 180cm in length and weigh up to several dozen catties (1 catty = ½kg); one specimen caught in Hunan Province weighed 65kg. It is one of three salamander species belonging to the Cryptobranchidae. The other two, Cryptobranchus japonicus in Japan and C. alleganiensis in the eastern United States, are similar to the Chinese species in shape and size, but the American one is much smaller.

CYTOGENETICS OF THE SIMULIUM VENUSTUMIVERECUNDUM COMPLEX (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) ON THE AVALON PENINSULA, NEWFOUNDLAND

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. McCreadie ◽  
Peter H. Adler ◽  
Murray H. Colbo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Geographic Context ◽  
Avalon Peninsula

AbstractResults are presented for a 4-year (1986–1989) cytological survey of the Simulium venustum/verecundum complex on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada. Based on 4578 larval identifications from 72 sites, six species in the S. venustum/verecundum complex were found: S. truncatum Lundström (= S. venustum EFG/C), S. venustum CC2, S. venustum CC3, S. venustum AC(gB), S. verecundum Stone and Jamnback (= S. verecundum AA), and S. rostratum Lundström (= S. verecundum ACD). The possibility that S. venustum A/C and S. venustum Say (= S. venustum CC) exist on the Avalon Peninsula in low numbers cannot be excluded, although this is doubtful. Discoveries of EFG/C and CC2 reciprocal sex exceptions support the hypothesis that exceptional individuals are the product of crossover. Cytological results confirm the supposition that S. truncatum, S. venustum CC2, S. venustum CC3, S. venustum AC(gB), S. verecundum AA, and S. rostratum are all distinct species. Results are interpreted within the broader geographic context of the S. venustum/verecundum complex. Three new cytotypes are recognized: one, from Quebec, we place under AC(gB); the other two, from the eastern United States, fall under CC2.

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