Growth and Reproduction of Benghal Dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) in Response to Drought Stress

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Webster ◽  
Timothy L. Grey
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Benghal Dayflower ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate growth and reproduction of Benghal dayflower in response to daily (nondrought stress) and weekly (drought stress) irrigation. With daily irrigation, Benghal dayflower plants added one leaf per plant each week during the initial 6 wk of growth and then increased leaf number eightfold between the intervals of 6 and 10 wk after planting (WAP) and 10 and 15 WAP. By 15 WAP each plant had in excess of 400 leaves. Benghal dayflower plant height increased 2.4 cm wk−1 between 5 and 14 WAP, increasing eightfold during this interval, while plant width increased 20-fold. Aerial spathe formation began between 7 and 8 WAP, with 26 spathes maturing (containing seeds ready for dispersal) each week beginning at 11 WAP. In another study, the influence of duration of drought stress at intervals between 7 and 56 d on early growth and development of cotton and Benghal dayflower was evaluated. Benghal dayflower aboveground biomass was 3.5 times greater than cotton. There was an inverse linear relationship between aboveground biomass and duration of drought stress for cotton and Benghal dayflower, though there was a more rapid decline for Benghal dayflower. A final study evaluated Benghal dayflower response to weekly moisture regimes that approximated 13, 25, 50, and 100% of soil field capacity. Benghal dayflower aerial spathes were 4.6 times more numerous than subterranean spathes. Rate of seed production decreased in a linear manner with decreasing water volume, however, rate of subterranean seed production was less affected by water volume than was aerial seed production. These data indicate that Benghal dayflower thrives under high soil moisture regimes, but that drought stress inhibits growth and reproduction. Cotton appears to be more drought tolerant than Benghal dayflower. Judicious water use in cotton cropping systems in the southeastern United States could be an important component of multiple-tactic Benghal dayflower management program.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Swallowworts (Vincetoxicum spp.) to Multiple Years of Artificial Defoliation and Clipping

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey R. Milbrath ◽  
Antonio DiTommaso ◽  
Jeromy Biazzo ◽  
Scott H. Morris
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Defoliation Treatment ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

AbstractThe European vines pale swallowwort and black swallowwort are invading various habitats in northeastern North America. It is unclear how these plants might respond to potential biological control agents, as they experience little herbivore damage in North America, or longer durations of mowing given the reported lack of efficacy of mechanical control. We evaluated the effect of six seasons of artificial defoliation (50 or 100% defoliation once or twice per season) and clipping (once, twice, or four times at 8 cm above the soil level) on the survival, growth, and reproduction of mature plants of the two species grown in a common garden field experiment. No plants died from damage after 6 yr. Black swallowwort produced more aboveground biomass, whereas pale swallowwort produced more root biomass and root crown buds, compared with its congener species. For most damage treatments, root biomass and the number of crown buds and stems increased over time, whereas aboveground biomass and viable seeds per plant generally did not change. Substantial overlap in plant size and seed production occurred among damage treatments and species. The most severe defoliation treatment did not substantially limit growth and reproduction compared with undamaged plants. While two clippings per season sometimes prevented seed production, four clippings per season was the only type of damage that consistently prevented plant growth and eliminated seed production. Pale and black swallowwort display a high tolerance to aboveground tissue loss in high-light environments without plant competition. The annual increase in plant size calls into question the potential efficacy of a defoliating insect against field populations of swallowworts, and it seems likely the only benefits of a long-term mowing regime will be to eliminate seed production.

scholarly journals Quantifying seed production by volunteer canola (Brassica napus) and Sinapis arvensis

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-497
Author(s):  
E Soltani ◽  
A Soltani ◽  
S Galeshi ◽  
F Ghaderi-far ◽  
E Zeinali
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Sinapis Arvensis ◽  
Soil Seed Banks ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Close Relationship

Volunteer canola (Brassica napus) and Sinapis arvensis are well identified weeds of different cropping systems. Quantitative information on regarding seed production by them is limited. Such information is necessary to model dynamics of soil seed banks. The aim of this work was to quantify seed production as a function of the size of those weeds. A wide range of plant size was produced by using a fan seeding system performed at two sowing dates (environments). Plant size varied from 3 to 167 g per plant for canola and from 6 to 104 g per plant for S. arvensis. Seed production ranged from 543 to14,773 seeds per plant for canola, and from 264 to 10,336 seeds per plant for S. arvensis. There was a close relationship between seed production per plant and plant size which was well-described by a power function (y = 130.6x0.94; R² = 0.93 for canola and y = 28x1.27; R² = 0.95 for S. arvensis). There was also strong relationships among the number of pods produced in individual plants and the quantity of seeds produced (g per plant) with the size of the plant. The relationships found in this study can be used in dynamic seed bank models of volunteer canola and S. arvensis.

scholarly journals Effects of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Establishment Time and Distance from the Crop Row on Biological and Phenological Characteristics of the Weed: Implications on Soybean Yield

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas E. Korres ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Andy Mauromoustakos
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Weed Population Dynamics

AbstractInformation about weed biology and weed population dynamics is critical for the development of efficient weed management programs. A field experiment was conducted in Fayetteville, AR, during 2014 and 2015 to examine the effects of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Watson) establishment time in relation to soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] emergence and the effects ofA. palmeridistance from the soybean row on the weed’s height, biomass, seed production, and flowering time and on soybean yield. The establishment time factor, in weeks after crop emergence (WAE), was composed of six treatment levels (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 WAE), whereas the distance from the crop consisted of three treatment levels (0, 24, and 48 cm). Differences inA. palmeribiomass and seed production averaged across distance from the crop were found at 0 and 1 WAE in both years. Establishment time had a significant effect onA. palmeriseed production through greater biomass production and height increases at earlier dates.Amaranthus palmerithat was established with the crop (0 WAE) overtopped soybean at about 7 and 10 WAE in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Distance from the crop affectedA. palmeriheight, biomass, and seed production. The greater the distance from the crop, the higherA. palmeriheight, biomass, and seed production at 0 and 1 WAE compared with other dates (i.e., 2, 4, 6, and 8 WAE).Amaranthus palmeriestablishment time had a significant impact on soybean yield, but distance from the crop did not. The earlierA. palmeriinterfered with soybean (0 and 1 WAE), the greater the crop yield reduction; after that period no significant yield reductions were recorded compared with the rest of the weed establishment times. Knowledge ofA. palmeriresponse, especially at early stages of its life cycle, is important for designing efficient weed management strategies and cropping systems that can enhance crop competitiveness. Control ofA. palmeriwithin the first week after crop emergence or reduced distance between crop and weed are important factors for an effective implementation of weed management measures againstA. palmeriand reduced soybean yield losses due to weed interference.

Biology and management of Echinochloa colona and E. crus-galli in the northern grain regions of Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asad Shabbir ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
Michael J. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Fallow Management ◽  
Current Information ◽  
Wide Range

Echinochloa colona and E. crus-galli are two important annual grass weeds distributed throughout the summer cropping regions of Australia. Both species are highly problematic weeds, responsible for yield losses of up to 50% in summer grain crops. The success of Echinochloa species as weeds is attributed to their rapid growth, prolific seed production, seed dormancy and adaptability to a wide range of environments. Importantly, E. colona has evolved resistance to glyphosate in Australia, with resistant populations now widespread across the summer cropping regions. Fallow management of E. colona with glyphosate alone is risky in terms of increasing the chance of resistance and highly unsustainable; other control strategies (residual herbicides, strategic tillage, etc.) should be considered to complement herbicides. This review provides a summary of current information on the biology, ecology and management of Echinochloa species. The knowledge gaps and research opportunities identified will have pragmatic implications for the management of these species in Australian grain cropping systems.

Variation in water potential components among half-sib families of shortleaf pine (Pinusechinata) in response to soil drought

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.S. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Turgor Loss Point ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Elastic Modules

To assess family differences in response to drought, various water potential components of seedlings from six half-sib families of shortleaf pine (Pinusechinata Mill.) were compared under control (well-watered) and drought conditions. Drought stress resulted in significant changes in water relations parameters of the seedlings between treatments and among families. Although both Montgomery (103) and Pope (322) families had a superior capacity to adjust osmotically to both treatments, Montgomery (103) family exhibited greater potential to adapt to droughty environments through having the lowest values of osmotic potential both at maximum turgor and at the turgor loss point and having the highest values of (i) mean volume of osmostic water at the turgor loss point per volume of symplasmic water, (ii) symplasmic water volume per total shoot water volume, (iii) maximum bulk elastic modules, and (iv) turgor potential. Families Polk (115) and Scott (202) showed intermediate responses to drought. Both Scott (219) and Yell (342) families showed the lowest ability for osmotic adjustment to both treatments, but Yell (342) family revealed even lower drought resistance responses. Results from this study may provide the means of screening families that have high drought resistance potential during the field establishment period.

Effect of tillage on timing ofSetariaspp. emergence and growth

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizabeth A. B. Stahl ◽  
Gregg A. Johnson ◽  
Ronald L. Wyse ◽  
Douglas D. Buhler ◽  
Jeffrey L. Gunsolus
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Soil Seedbank

Weed management can be a significant challenge in cropping systems, partly because the effects of tillage systems on weed seedbank and seedling population dynamics are not well understood. Field research was conducted from 1994 to 1996 in established tillage plots consisting of moldboard plow (MP), chisel plow (CP), and no-tillage (NT). The objectives were to determine the effects of long-term tillage systems on the timing and duration ofSetariaspp. emergence and percentage cumulative emergence from the soil seedbank and to investigate the effect of tillage onSetariaspp. density and seed production following glyphosate application atSetariaspp. heights of 5, 10, and 15 cm. NT contained a greater number ofSetariaspp. seed in the 0- to 1-, 1- to 3-, and 3- to 6-cm depths than MP or CP systems. There was little difference between the three tillage systems at depths greater than 6 cm.Setariaspp. emergence was greater in NT than in MP or CP in 1994 and 1996 and greater than in MP in 1995. There was a substantial increase inSetariaspp. emergence in NT between 3 and 4 weeks after planting (WAP) in 1994 and between 5 and 6 WAP in 1995 and 1996. Significant emergence did not occur past 5 to 6 WAP in 1994 and 1995 but continued over a longer period of time in 1996.Setariaspp. plants consistently reached targeted herbicide application heights 4 to 9 d earlier in NT than in CP and MP. In 1994, finalSetariaspp. density was greater in NT compared to CP and MP at the 5- and 10-cm herbicide application timings. When glyphosate was applied to 15-cm-tallSetaria, very few weeds were present following application across all tillage systems. In 1995, NT resulted in greaterSetariaspp. density than MP or CP across all application timings. There was no difference in finalSetariaspp. density between MP and CP across all glyphosate timings in 1994 and 1995. Seed production was negligible in MP and CP, regardless of glyphosate timing. In NT, however, significant seed production occurred, especially with early application. Results indicate that the effectiveness of nonresidual herbicides forSetaria faberiHerrm. control is influenced by tillage system and the timing of application.

Sulfur Cinquefoil (Potentilla recta) Response to Defoliation on Foothill Rangeland

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Frost ◽  
Jeffrey C. Mosley
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Southwestern Montana ◽  
Aboveground Productivity ◽  
Control Response

AbstractSulfur cinquefoil is an invasive, perennial forb on rangelands of western Canada and the United States. Sulfur cinquefoil reproduces solely by seed and it is a prolific seed producer. Our 2-yr study (2006, 2007) investigated the optimal timing and intensity of defoliation to decrease aboveground productivity and seed production of sulfur cinquefoil plants on foothill rangeland in southwestern Montana. Each year, 150 sulfur cinquefoil plants within a 430-m2 enclosure were tagged for identification and randomly assigned to one of 15 clipping treatments with 10 plants per treatment. Clipping treatments were conducted at three timings: (preflower [early June], flowering [late June], and seedset [mid-July]) and all possible combinations of timings for a total of seven timing treatments clipped to two stubble heights (7.5 cm or 15 cm), comprising 14 unique treatments. The final (15th) treatment consisted of an unclipped control. Response variables collected at senescence (late July) included aboveground biomass; number of buds, flowers and fruits on each plant; and number and viability of seeds produced. Results indicated that defoliation of sulfur cinquefoil can effectively reduce its yield and seed production. All clipping treatments reduced aboveground biomass of sulfur cinquefoil compared with control plants (P ≤ 0.05), except clipping to 15 cm during preflowering in the wetter year of 2006. Clipping to either 7.5 cm or 15 cm at all times or combinations of timings reduced the number of buds, flowers, fruits, and seeds produced by sulfur cinquefoil (P ≤ 0.05). Viable seed production was reduced 99 to 100% when plants were clipped once to either 7.5 or 15 cm during flowering or seedset. Results suggest that targeted livestock grazing or mowing applied one time per season during flowering or seedset could effectively suppress the biomass production and viable seed production of sulfur cinquefoil.

Growth Response of Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) to Water Stress

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Weed Plants ◽  
Rottboellia Cochinchinensis ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the growth response of itchgrass to water stress. Itchgrass plants produced the greatest aboveground biomass and seeds at 75% of field capacity and these parameters at 50 and 100% of field capacity were similar. With further increase in water stress, seed production was sharply reduced, but itchgrass was still able to produce an average of 63 and 9 seeds plant−1at 25 and 12.5% of field capacity, respectively. Itchgrass plants responded to increasing water stress with increased leaf weight ratio; it was 2.5 times greater at 12.5% of field capacity than at 100% of field capacity. In another study, compared with daily irrigation, intervals of 9 d between irrigations reduced aboveground biomass of itchgrass by 27% and 12-d intervals reduced aboveground biomass by 67%. Compared with the daily irrigation regime, itchgrass seed production was reduced by 61% at intervals of 12 d between irrigations; however, the weed plants produced a considerable number of seeds (153 seeds plant−1) at the 12-d intervals. The ability of itchgrass to produce biomass and seeds under water stressed conditions necessitates strategies that minimize weed survival while maximizing irrigation efficiency for the crop at the same time.

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