CNN for Image Processing to Detect Weeds Using IOT

One of the major issues in today’s agriculture fields is detecting weed plants in between the crops. Weeds consume more water, nutrients, and light compared to crop plants. Being hardy and vigorous in growth habits, they grow way to faster than crops and consume a huge amount of water and nutrients, results causing heavy losses in yields, the process of removal of weeds manually is a difficult job and it requires more manpower. To date, weed removal can’t be automated without manpower. Herbicides play a crucial role in removing the weeds but that leads to soil infertile and later the weeds dominate the field automatically. In solution to reduce the weeds is using herbicide in a higher amount than normal day by day. Usage of herbicides in that amount causes the land infertile. This paper deals with detecting the weeds in the crop using a convolutional neural network, Image processing, and IoT. The weeds in the field and between the crops are detected and removed by using the image processing technique. CNN algorithm is implemented in Matlab software to detect the weed areas in the fields. A robot model is connected to the controller through the motor driver which is also used to carry the camera through the field to detect the weed. The videos and images taken by the camera send to the Matlab and they are trained by using the CNN algorithm and that classifies whether it is a weed or a normal crop. And the necessary instructions send to the Arduino through Zigbee. If the camera detects any weed then the cutter is on 10 seconds to cut the weeds. And the robot model moves further until it finds the next weed. Users can also control the robot model whenever itneeds. Keywords: CNN; Weed cutter; Matlab; Zigbee; Image processing.

Survey for Yellow Mosaic Disease Occurring on Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] and Weed Hosts in Four Major Blackgram Growing Districts of Andhra Pradesh and Characterization of Associated Viruses using Coat Protein Gene

Background: Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) caused by Yellow mosaic virus is one of the major constraints in the pulse production in Andhra Pradesh (A.P.) due to fast evolution of strains, like Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV). Keeping this in view, a survey was undertaken in the major blackgram growing districts of A.P. to know the YMD incidence in blackgram and weed hosts and were characterized based on genetic features by comparing with other YMV isolates from different hosts and locations across the world. Methods: Roving survey was conducted during rabi 2019-20 in major blackgram growing districts of A.P. viz., Krishna, Guntur, West Godavari and Prakasam districts for YMD incidence. Blackgram plants showing characteristic symptoms were collected as representative samples from each mandal along with the suspected weed plants and were subjected to amplification using coat protein (CP) specific primers followed by molecular characterization. Phylogenetic tree for coat protein (CP) gene was constructed using aligned sequences with 1000 bootstrap replicates following neighbor-joining phylogeny. Result: Out of the four districts surveyed, the highest disease incidence was recorded at Machavaram village of Prakasam district (43.22%), whereas least disease incidence was recorded at Chinaganjam village of Praksam district (2.4%). Six weeds viz., Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus viridis, Parthenium hysterophporus, Vigna trilobata, Abelmoscus moschatus, Desmodium laxiflorum have showed positive result in PCR amplification with MYMIV specific coat protein primers. Four isolates from blackgram samples and two from weed plants shared 94.85 to 99.58% nucleotide identity among themselves.

THE SPECIFIC COMPOSITION OF WEED PLANTS ON RUDERAL HABITATS ON THE TERRITORY OF VYBORG CITY (LENINGRAD REGION)

The purpose of the study was to identify the species composition of weed plants and its features on ruderal habitats on the territory of Vyborg city (Leningrad region, Vyborg district). Materials collected during the route survey of ruderal habitats on the territory of the settlement. Systemati-zation of monitoring data, floristic analysis of species composition, calculation of species occur-rence and assessment of its persistence were carried out. The specific structure is presented by 58 species, 48 genus, 18 families. Groups of 21 dominant and 15 concomitant in occurrence species are allocated. Brought species of weeds were revealed. The interrelation of species compositions of weed plants of segetal habitats of the region and ruderal habitats in the territory of the settlement is shown (17 species, identified on ruderal habitats of the city, are dominant in the fields of the region).

Ethnomedicinal Potential of Weed Plants of Madhya Pradesh: A Review

Madhya Pradesh is rich in floristic as well as ethnic diversity. It comprises 50 Districts and forest covers 30.9% of the total area of the state. More than 41 tribal communities reside in or around the forests and depend mainly on forest resources for their daily requirements like food, fodder, fibre, gum, resin, tannin, wood, medicines, dye etc. Presently, there are a number of ethnobotanical studies being carried out in different tribal inhabited localities of Madhya Pradesh. The paper deals with the 91 weed species of probable medicinal potential, belonging to 79 genera and 38 families from Madhya Pradesh. These taxa are used for curing various ailments among the different ethnic societies.

Use of Biopreparations in the Cultivation of Raspberry Using Organic Technology

В современных условиях популяризации производства сельскохозяйственной продукции по органическим стандартам актуальными являются исследования установления эффективности агротехнических приёмов таких технологий на продуктивность и качество продукции растениеводства, в том числе малины красной, имеющей ведущее значение среди ягодных культур региона. В 2020 году в однофакторном полевом опыте на площади 288 кв. м на дерновой среднесуглинистой почве в условиях производства одной из сельскохозяйственных организаций Ярославской области были изучены различные биопрепараты (Байкал ЭМ-1, Органик-агро, Оргавит) как элементы органической технологии возделывания ремонтантной малины сорта Поклон Казакову с точки зрения их влияния на конкурентоспособность культуры по отношению к сорным растениям, качество и продуктивность ягод малины. Было установлено, что применение биопрепаратов Органик-агро и Оргавит на ремонтантной малине способствует повышению её конкурентной способности по отношению к сорным растениям – наблюдалась тенденция снижения численности многолетних сорных растений в среднем на 12,5%, малолетних сорных растений было меньше на 23,1% при использовании препарата Оргавит, а при внесении Органик-Агро представители этой биогруппы отсутствовали. Использование биопрепаратов способствовало динамике улучшения качественных показателей продукции малины (количество сухого вещества имело тенденцию увеличения в среднем на 0,04 процентных пунктов, количество сахаров увеличилось на 0,43 п.п., титруемая кислотность – на 0,09 п.п., содержание аскорбиновой кислоты – на 9,6%). Количественные показатели продуктивности малины также возросли, особенно при использовании препарата Оргавит – прибавка урожая составила 12,4% по сравнению с контролем. In modern conditions of popularization of agricultural products production according to organic standards, researches are relevant to establish the effectiveness of cultural practices of such technologies for the productivity and quality of crop production, including red raspberries which are of leading importance among berry crops in the region. In 2020 in a single-factor field test on an area of 288 square meters on soddy middle loamy soil under the conditions of production of one of the agricultural organizations of the Yaroslavl region, various biopreparations (Baikal EM-1, Organic-agro, Orgavit) were studied as elements of the organic technology for cultivating everbearing raspberry of the Poklon Kazakov variety in terms of their impact on the competitive ability of the crop in relation to weed plants, the quality and productivity of raspberries. It was found that the use of biopreparations Organic-agro and Orgavit on everbearing raspberry contributes to increasing its competitive ability towards weed plants – there was a tendency to reduce the number of perennial weeds by an average of 12.5%, small weed plants were less by 23.1% when using the preparation Orgavit, and when applying Organic-Agro representatives of this biogroup were absent. The use of biopreparations contributed to the dynamics of improving the quality indicators of raspberry production (the amount of dry matter tended to increase by an average of 0.04 percentage points, the amount of sugars increased by 0.43 percentage points, base-titratable acidity – by 0.09 percentage points, the content of ascorbic acid – by 9.6%). Quantitative indicators of raspberry productivity also increased, especially when using the preparation Orgavit – the yield increase was 12.4% compared to the control.

Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Lantana camara L., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Cannabis sativa L. and Justicia adhatoda L. Leaves Extract against Procured Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria In Vitro

The scientific study of this research has been focused on synergistic antibacterial activity of two weed plants, Lantana camara L., Parthenium hysterophorus L. alongwith two medicinal plants, Cannabis sativa L., Justicia adhatoda L. against multi- drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Dried leaf powders of the plants were extracted using air-dried method followed by the ethanol- solvent extraction method for the crude extract of the leaves. The crude extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against three MDR bacteria, that is, one Gram positive bacteria- Staphylococcus aureus and two Gram negative bacteria- Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Out of 18 antibiotics tested against procured bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to 10 out of 10 tested antibiotics, Escherichia coli was resistant to 4 out of 12 tested antibiotics and Proteus mirabilis was resistant to 9 out of 10 tested antibiotics. The tested weed plants and the medicinal plants when combined together showed more zone of inhibition against multidrug resistant bacteria ( Two combinations of phytochemicals Lantana camara, Cannabis sativa and Lantana camara, Cannabis sativa, Justicia adhatoda, Parthenium hysterophorus showed maximum zones of inhibition, that is, 30 mm) as compared to when these plants were tested solitarily, showing pronounced antibacterial activity. These findings showed that the antibacterial activity enhanced when they were combined together and this potential could be used against various infectious diseases with more research and modification in this area. Weed plants also holds as much importance as the medicinal plants although not to that extent, but they clearly inhibit the growth of bacteria and this property of weeds along with the medicinal plants holds a promising future in treating many diseases caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria on the pharmaceutical level.