Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Glufosinate in Transgenic and Nontransgenic Cotton, Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), and Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa)

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley J. Everman ◽  
Walter E. Thomas ◽  
James D. Burton ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
John W. Wilcut
Keyword(s):  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Intermediate Metabolism ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Harvest Intervals

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate absorption, translocation, and metabolism of14C-glufosinate in glufosinate-resistant cotton, nontransgenic cotton, Palmer amaranth, and pitted morningglory. Cotton plants were treated at the four-leaf stage, whereas Palmer amaranth and pitted morningglory were treated at 7.5 and 10 cm, respectively. All plants were harvested at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT). Absorption of14C-glufosinate was greater than 85% 24 h after treatment in Palmer amaranth. Absorption was less than 30% at all harvest intervals for glufosinate-resistant cotton, nontransgenic cotton, and pitted morningglory. At 24 HAT, 49 and 12% of radioactivity was translocated to regions above and below the treated leaf, respectively, in Palmer amaranth. Metabolites of14C-glufosinate were detected in all crop and weed species. Metabolism of14C-glufosinate was 16% or lower in nontransgenic cotton and pitted morningglory; however, metabolism rates were greater than 70% in glufosinate-resistant cotton 72 HAT. Intermediate metabolism was observed for Palmer amaranth, with metabolites comprising 20 to 30% of detectable radioactivity between 6 and 72 HAT.

Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of14C-Glufosinate in Glufosinate-Resistant Corn, Goosegrass (Eleusine indica), Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia)

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley J. Everman ◽  
Cassandra R. Mayhew ◽  
James D. Burton ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
John W. Wilcut
Keyword(s):  
Weed Species ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Senna Obtusifolia ◽  
Harvest Timing ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate14C-glufosinate absorption, translocation, and metabolism in glufosinate-resistant corn, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and sicklepod. Glufosinate-resistant corn plants were treated at the four-leaf stage, whereas goosegrass, large crabgrass, and sicklepod were treated at 5, 7.5, and 10 cm, respectively. All plants were harvested at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT). Absorption was less than 20% at all harvest intervals for glufosinate-resistant corn, whereas absorption in goosegrass and large crabgrass increased from approximately 20% 1 HAT to 50 and 76%, respectively, 72 HAT. Absorption of14C-glufosinate was greater than 90% 24 HAT in sicklepod. Significant levels of translocation were observed in glufosinate-resistant corn, with14C-glufosinate translocated to the region above the treated leaf and the roots up to 41 and 27%, respectively. No significant translocation was detected in any of the weed species at any harvest timing. Metabolites of14C-glufosinate were detected in glufosinate-resistant corn and all weed species. Seventy percent of14C was attributed to glufosinate metabolites 72 HAT in large crabgrass. Less metabolism was observed for sicklepod, goosegrass, and glufosinate-resistant corn, with metabolites composing less than 45% of detectable radioactivity 72 HAT.

Tolerance of Cantaloupe to Postemergence Applications of Rimsulfuron and Halosulfuron

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Charles W. Meister
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Early Crop ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Field trials were conducted in the spring of 2004 and the spring and summer of 2005 to evaluate cantaloupe tolerance to rimsulfuron and halosulfuron applied to cantaloupe at the two-leaf stage, five- to six-leaf stage, plants having 30- to 40-cm vines, and plants having up to 5-cm-diam melons. Additionally, control of eight weed species was evaluated in these trials in 2005. Cantaloupe plant injury from rimsulfuron differed among application timings and trials, but applications were generally more injurious when applied at the two early crop stages. Halosulfuron was less injurious to cantaloupe, but 31 and 14% injury occurred following the two-leaf and five- to six-leaf applications, respectively, in the second trial in 2005. In the first trial of 2005, number of marketable melons the first week of harvest was lower for all halosulfuron applications compared with the nontreated control (30 to 37% reduction). In the second trial of 2005, total number of marketable melons was comparable to the nontreated control for each of the halosulfuron treatments, except the five- to six-leaf and up to 5-cm-diam melon applications. Injury estimates were poor indicators of occurrence or absence of delays in crop earliness or number of marketable melons. Rimsulfuron was generally effective (≥ 80% control) in controlling seedling Texas panicum, large crabgrass, tall morningglory, pitted morningglory, and Palmer amaranth, but was ineffective against yellow and purple nutsedge and goosegrass. Halosulfuron was effective in controlling yellow and purple nutsedge, but was ineffective against Texas panicum, large crabgrass, goosegrass, pitted morningglory, tall morningglory, and Palmer amaranth.

Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Imazaquin in Pitted (Ipomoea lacunosa) and Entireleaf (Ipomoea hederaceavar.integriuscula) Morningglory

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Risley ◽  
Lawrence R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Treated Leaf

Pitted morningglory and entireleaf morningglory treated with14C-imazaquin translocated14C to areas above and below the treated leaf. Pitted morningglory absorbed and translocated more14C from14C-imazaquin than entireleaf morningglory. Translocation of14C from root-supplied14C-imazaquin was similar in both species 1 d after treatment, with14C moving rapidly to the shoots. Entireleaf morningglory metabolized slightly more imazaquin than pitted morningglory in treated leaves. Greater tolerance of entireleaf morningglory than pitted morningglory to postemergence applications of imazaquin is attributed to reduced absorption and translocation and increased metabolism of the herbicide in the entireleaf morningglory.

Influence of Spray-Solution Temperature and Holding Duration on Weed Control with Premixed Glyphosate and Dicamba Formulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap Devkota ◽  
Fred Whitford ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Low Rate

Water is the primary carrier for herbicide application, and carrier-water–related factors can influence herbicide performance. In a greenhouse study, premixed formulation of glyphosate plus dicamba was mixed in deionized (DI) water at 5, 18, 31, 44, or 57 C and applied immediately. In a companion study, glyphosate and dicamba formulation was mixed in DI water at temperatures of 5, 22, 39, or 56 C and sprayed after the herbicide solution was left at the respective temperatures for 0, 6, or 24 h. In both studies, glyphosate plus dicamba was applied at 0.275 plus 0.137 kg ae ha−1(low rate), and 0.55 plus 0.275 kg ha−1(high rate), respectively, to giant ragweed, horseweed, Palmer amaranth, and pitted morningglory. Glyphosate plus dicamba applied at a low rate with solution temperature of 31 C provided 14% and 26% greater control of giant ragweed and pitted morningglory, respectively, compared to application at solution temperature of 5 C. At both rates of glyphosate and dicamba formulation, giant ragweed and pitted morningglory control was 15% or greater at solution temperature of 44 C compared to 5 C. Weed control was not affected with premixture of glyphosate and dicamba applied ≤ 24 h after mixing herbicide. When considering solution temperature, glyphosate and dicamba applied at low rate provided 13 and 6% greater control of Palmer amaranth and pitted morningglory, respectively, with solution temperature of 22 C compared to 5 C. Similarly, giant ragweed control was 8% greater with solution temperature of 39 C compared to 5 C. Glyphosate and dicamba applied at high rate provided 8% greater control of giant ragweed at solution temperature of 22 or 39 C compared to 5 C. Therefore, activity of premixed glyphosate and dicamba could be reduced with spray solution at lower temperature; however, the result is dependent on weed species.

Influence of Time of Planting and Distance from the Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Row of Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa), and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) on Competitiveness with Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Buchanan ◽  
J. E. Street ◽  
R. H. Crowley
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida

Influence of time of planting and distance from the cotton row of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosaL.), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) on yield of seed cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213’) was determined on Decatur clay loam during 1975 through 1978. Weed growth was measured in 1977 and 1978. Seeds of the three weed species were planted 15, 30, or 45 cm from the cotton row at time of planting cotton or 4 weeks later. Weeds planted 4 weeks after planting cotton grew significantly less than did weeds planted at the same time as cotton. When planted with cotton, redroot pigweed produced over twice as much fresh weight as did prickly sida or pitted morningglory. The distance that weeds were planted from the cotton row did not affect weed growth in 1978, but did in 1977. The distance that weeds were planted from the cotton row did not affect their competitiveness in any year as measured by yield of cotton. However, in each year, yields of cotton were reduced to a greater extent by weeds planted with cotton than when planted 4 weeks later. In 3 of 4 yr, there were significant differences in competitiveness of each of the three weed species with cotton.

Influence of Imazapyr on the Control of Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) with Chlorimuron, Imazaquin, and Imazethapyr

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis G. Riley ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Significant Enhancement ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Better Than

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate postemergence combinations of imazethapyr, imazquin, or chlorimuron with low rates of imazapyr for Johnsongrass and pitted morningglory control. Imazapyr applied alone at rates up to 4 g ai/ha gave little or no control of either weed species. However, the addition of imazapyr to various rates of imazethapyr or imazaquin synergistically increased both johnsongrass and pitted morningglory control 8 weeks after treatment. The rates of imazethapyr or imazaquin required for significant enhancement of johnsongrass control were higher than those required for pitted morningglory control. No synergistic increases in control of either weed species were noted with mixtures of imazapyr and chlorimuron. Although not synergistic in every case, the mixtures of imazapyr at 4 g/ha with imazethapyr, imazaquin, or chlorimuron gave johnsongrass and pitted morningglory control equal to or better than the next higher rate of these herbicides applied alone. Imazapyr did not increase soybean injury or decrease yield provided by chlorimuron, imazaquin, or imazethapyr.

Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Halosulfuron in Cucumber, Summer Squash, and Selected Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry. E. Besançon ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
Wesley J. Everman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Herbicide Metabolism ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Metabolism Study

Greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied [14C]halosulfuron-methyl in cucumber, summer squash, pitted morningglory, and velvetleaf. Cucumber and summer squash were treated at the 4-leaf stage, whereas velvetleaf and pitted morningglory were treated at 10 cm. All plants were collected at 4, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT) for absorption and translocation studies and an additional 96-HAT interval was included in the metabolism study. Absorption did not exceed 45% in summer squash, whereas it plateaued around 60% in velvetleaf and cucumber and reached 80% in pitted morningglory 72 HAT. None of the four species translocated more than 23% of absorbed halosulfuron out of the treated leaf. Translocation in cucumber and summer squash was predominantly basipetal, while acropetal movement prevailed in velvetleaf. No significant direction of movement was observed for pitted morningglory. Negligible translocation occurred toward the roots, regardless of plant species. Of the total amount of [14C]halosulfuron-methyl absorbed into the plants at 96 HAT, more than 80% remained in the form of the parent compound in velvetleaf, summer squash, and pitted morningglory, whereas less than 20% was detected in cucumber. Rapid and high herbicide metabolism may explain cucumber tolerance to halosulfuron-methyl, while lack of metabolism contributes to summer squash and velvetleaf susceptibility. Pitted morningglory tolerance may be due to limited translocation associated with some level of metabolism, but further research would be needed to investigate other potential causes.

Evaluation of Wick-Applied Glyphosate for Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Sweetpotato

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 765-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Meyers ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
Jonathan R. Schultheis ◽  
David W. Monks
Keyword(s):  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at Clinton, NC to determine the effect of glyphosate applied POST via a Dixie wick applicator on Palmer amaranth control and sweetpotato yield and quality. In 2007, treatments consisted of glyphosate wicked sequentially 6 and 8 wk after transplanting (WAP) and glyphosate wicked sequentially 6 and 8 WAP followed by (fb) rotary mowing 9 WAP. In 2008, treatments consisted of glyphosate wicked once 4 or 7 WAP, wicked sequentially 4 and 7 WAP, mowed once 4 WAP, and mowed 4 WAP fb wicking 7 WAP. In 2008, Palmer amaranth control 6 WAP varied by location and averaged 10 and 58% for plots wicked 4 WAP. Palmer amaranth contacted by the wicking apparatus were controlled, but weeds shorter than the wicking height escaped treatment. Palmer amaranth control 9 WAP was greater than 90% for all treatments wicked 7 WAP. Competition prior to and between glyphosate treatments contributed to large sweetpotato yield losses. Treatments consisting of glyphosate 7 or 8 WAP (in 2007 and 2008, respectively) frequently had greater no. 1 and marketable yields compared to the weedy control. However, jumbo, no. 1, and marketable yields for all glyphosate and mowing treatments were generally less than half the hand-weeded check. Cracked sweetpotato roots were observed in glyphosate treatments and percent cracking (by weight) in those plots ranged from 1 to 12% for no. 1 roots, and 1 to 6% for marketable roots. Findings from this research suggest wicking might be useful in a salvage scenario, but only after currently registered preemergence herbicides and between-row cultivation have failed to control Palmer amaranth and other weed species below the sweetpotato canopy.

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