The Selective Memory of Weed Seedbanks after 18 Years of Conservation Tillage

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Légère ◽  
F. Craig Stevenson ◽  
Diane L. Benoit
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Seed Rain ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Herbicide Use

A conservation tillage study provided the opportunity to test whether tillage effects on the germinable weed seedbank would be consistent across different crop rotations and to investigate the potential residual effects of herbicide treatments terminated 12 yr earlier. Our objective was to measure the effects of tillage (moldboard plow [MP] vs. chisel plow [CP] vs. no-till [NT]), crop rotation (2-yr barley–red clover followed by 4-yr barley–canola–wheat–soybean rotation, compared to a cereal monoculture), and of a prior weed management factor (three intensity levels of herbicide use) on the density, diversity, and community structure of weed seedbanks. Species richness, evenness (Shannon'sE), and diversity (Shannon'sH′) of spring seedbanks varied little across treatments and over time. Total seedbank density generally increased as tillage was reduced, with some variations due to weed management in 1993 and crop rotation in 2006. Crop rotations generally had smaller seedbanks with fewer species than the monoculture. In 1993, seedbanks with minimum weed management were twice as dense as those with intensive or moderate weed management (approximately 6,000 vs. 3,000 seed m−2). By 2006, seed density averaged 6,838 seed m−2across intensive and moderate weed management regardless of tillage, but was nearly twice as large in NT (12,188 seed m−2) compared to MP (4,770 seed m−2) and CP (7,117 seed m−2) with minimum weed management (LSD0.005= 4488). Species with abundant seedbanks responded differently to treatments. Barnyardgrass and green foxtail had larger seedbanks in the monoculture than in the rotation. Common lambsquarters and pigweed species had large seedbanks in tilled treatments in the rotation, whereas yellow foxtail and field pennycress contributed to the large seedbanks observed in NT treatments. The latter two species were also associated with residual effects of weed management treatments (terminated 12 yr earlier) in NT. The differential seedbank response of weed species, attributed in part to contrasting weed emergence patterns and agronomic practice effects on seed rain, explained some of the weak treatment effects observed for total seedbank density and diversity. The large weed seedbanks observed in NT plots after 18 yr confirms the importance of seed rain and seedbank management for the sustainability of NT systems.

scholarly journals Influence of crop rotation, tillage, and management inputs on weed seed production

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
George O. Kegode ◽  
Frank Forcella ◽  
Sharon Clay
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Ridge Tillage

Approaches to crop production that successfully reduce weed seed production can benefit farming systems by reducing management inputs and costs. A 5-yr rotation study was conducted in order to determine the effects that interactions between crop rotation, tillage, and amount of herbicide and fertilizer (management inputs) have on annual grass and broad-leaved weed seed production and fecundity. There were 10 crop rotation and tillage system combinations and three levels of management inputs (high, medium, and low). Green and yellow foxtail were the major weed species, and together they yielded between 76 and 93% of collected weed seeds. From 1990 to 1994, average grass weed seed productions were 7.3 by 103, 3.7 by 1036.1 by 103and 5.7 by 103seeds m−-2, whereas average broad-leaved weed seed productions were 0.4 by 103, 0.4 by 103, 1.4 by 103, and 0.4 by 103seeds m−-2in crop rotations using conventional tillage (moldboard plow), conservation tillage, no tillage, and ridge tillage, respectively. Crop rotations using conventional or ridge tillage consistently produced more grass and broad-leaved weed seeds, especially in low-input plots. There was little difference in weed seed production among input levels for crop rotations using conservation tillage. Comparing rotations that began and ended with a corn crop revealed that by increasing crop diversity within a rotation while simultaneously reducing the amount of tillage, significantly fewer grass and broad-leaved weed seeds were produced. Among the rotations, grass and broad-leaved weed fecundity were highly variable, but fecundity declined from 1990 to 1994 within each rotation, with a concomitant increase in grass and broad-leaved weed density over the same period. Crop rotation in combination with reduced tillage is an effective way of limiting grass and broad-leaved weed seed production, regardless of the level of management input applied.

scholarly journals Promotion of weed species diversity and reduction of weed seedbanks with conservation tillage and crop rotation

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Murphy ◽  
David R. Clements ◽  
Svenja Belaoussoff ◽  
Peter G. Kevan ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Chisel Plow

In a 6-yr study on four farms (36 fields) in Ontario, Canada, we tested the effects of tillage (moldboard, chisel plow, no tillage) and crop rotations (continuous corn, corn-soybean, corn-soybean-winter wheat) on emerged and seedbank weed species diversity and density. Aside from the imposed experimental treatments, all other management was generally consistent among farms. Tillage had the largest effect on weed diversity and density. No tillage promoted the highest weed species diversity, chisel plow was intermediate, and moldboard plow resulted in the lowest species diversity. These results are consistent with ecological succession theory. The increase in weed species diversity resulted from 20 species being associated with no tillage systems, 15 of which were winter annuals, biennials, or perennials. Emerged weed density was affected only by tillage. Over 6 yr, seedbank declined in no-tillage systems from 41,000 to 8,000 seeds m−3. Crop yields were not affected by tillage or crop rotation. In practical terms, reduced tillage in combination with a good crop rotation may reduce weed density and expenditures on weed management.

Bio-efficacy of post emergence herbicides in boro rice nursery as well as main field and their residual effects on non-target microorganisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Rajib Kundu ◽  
Mousumi Mondal ◽  
Sourav Garai ◽  
Ramyajit Mondal ◽  
Ratneswar Poddar
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Main Field ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Similar Treatment

Field experiments were conducted at research farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, India (22°97' N latitude and 88°44' E longitude, 9.75 m above mean sea level) under natural weed infestations in boro season rice (nursery bed as well as main field) during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to evaluate the herbicidal effects on weed floras, yield, non-target soil organisms to optimize the herbicide use for sustainable rice-production. Seven weed control treatments including three doses of bispyribac-sodium 10% SC (150,200, and 250 ml ha-1), two doses of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% EC (500 and 625 ml ha-1), one weed free and weedy check were laid out in a randomized complete block design, replicated thrice. Among the tested herbicides, bispyribac-sodium with its highest dose (250 ml ha-1) resulted in maximum weed control efficiency, treatment efficiency index and crop resistance index irrespective of weed species and dates of observation in both nursery as well as main field. Similar treatment also revealed maximum grain yield (5.20 t ha-1), which was 38.38% higher than control, closely followed by Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (625 ml ha-1) had high efficacy against grasses, sedge and broadleaf weed flora. Maximum net return (Rs. 48765 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.72) were obtained from the treatment which received bispyribac-sodium @ 250 ml ha-1. Based on overall performance, the bispyribac-sodium (250 ml ha-1) may be considered as the best herbicide treatment for weed management in transplanted rice as well as nursery bed.

Tillage and Planting Date Influence Foxtail (Setariaspp.) Emergence in Continuous Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Spandl ◽  
Beverly R. Durgan ◽  
Frank Forcella
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
No Till ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Foxtail emergence patterns were evaluated in spring wheat under three tillage regimes, moldboard plow, chisel plow, and no-till, and three wheat planting dates. The first planting date was as soon as feasible in spring, and the second and third planting dates averaged 9 and 17 d later. Foxtail emergence patterns and seedbank density were evaluated each year for three consecutive years. Green foxtail was the dominant weed species. Tillage regime did not influence initial percent emergence of foxtail. Subsequent percent foxtail emergence was sometimes lower in no-till or chisel plow than in moldboard plow regimes until emergence approached 100%. By the third year, total foxtail plant emergence was greater in no-till and chisel plow than in moldboard plow and also greater in no-till than chisel plow. Earlier planting generally increased percent foxtail emergence until midseason. At 22 d after planting, average emergence of foxtail was 48, 67, and 81% for planting dates one, two, and three, respectively. Delayed planting increased rate of foxtail emergence but decreased density of emerged seedlings. Producers adopting chisel plow or no-till systems can expect to see greater foxtail infestations than in moldboard plow systems. Subsequently, more extensive weed management in reduced tillage systems will be needed to prevent heavy foxtail infestations. Delaying wheat planting may be a viable option for foxtail management through reduced plant densities and more simultaneous emergence patterns.

Agronomic performance of Pesticide Free Production under two crop rotations

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Schoofs ◽  
M.H. Entz ◽  
R.C. Van Acker ◽  
J.R. Thiessen Martens ◽  
D.A. Derksen
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
First Year ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Crop Selection ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Negative Effect

AbstractPesticide Free Production (PFP) is a pesticide reduction system that removes in-crop pesticide use on a yearly basis. A long-term study was established in 2000 to investigate the effect of crop rotation and frequency of inclusion on the success of PFP, as well as the effect of PFP on subsequent crops in the rotation. The crop rotations being compared were linola–oat–canola–wheat and linola–oat–alfalfa–alfalfa. PFP occurred either once in the rotation (oat) or twice (linola–oat). Weed density and yield were measured in the crops that followed PFP. Oat was a more successful PFP crop than linola because it was better able to compete with weeds. Furthermore, PFP oat had a higher weed density when it followed PFP linola, but this did not influence PFP oat yield. Under the conditions of this study, PFP linola was more successful in the annual crop rotation. Inclusion of alfalfa hay crops in the crop rotation was not effective in lowering weed pressure and, in fact, may have contributed to an increase in weed density. It is concluded that weed species present influenced the effectiveness of alfalfa in facilitating PFP, because major weeds in the study are not effectively controlled by alfalfa. PFP did not have a negative effect on following crops in the rotation (i.e. canola–wheat or alfalfa), regardless of whether one or two consecutive years of PFP occurred in the rotation. No additional herbicide was necessary for weed control in the crops that followed PFP; however, alfalfa hay was weedier for the first year following PFP. This study indicates that PFP is a viable way to reduce herbicide use in a cropping system and that attention needs to be paid to PFP crop selection and crop rotation, particularly when the PFP crop is less competitive with weeds.

Effects of Initial Seed-Bank Density on Weed Seedling Emergence during the Transition to an Organic Feed-Grain Crop Rotation

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Smith ◽  
Randa Jabbour ◽  
Andrew G. Hulting ◽  
Mary E. Barbercheck ◽  
David A. Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Organic Certification ◽  
Weed Seeds

The transition period to certified organic production can present a significant weed management challenge for growers. Organic certification requires that prohibited fertilizers and pesticides must not have been used for 36 mo before harvest of the first organic crop. Understanding how organic management practices and initial weed seed-bank densities affect weed population dynamics during the transition period may improve weed management efficacy and adoption of organic practices. We examined how tillage systems (full or reduced) and cover crop species planted during the first transition year (rye or a mixture of timothy and red clover) affect the seedling densities of three common annual weed species, common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, and foxtail spp., during the 3-yr transition period. Weed seeds were applied in a one-time pulse at the beginning of the study at three densities, low, medium, and high (60, 460, and 2,100 seeds m−2, respectively), and cumulative seedling densities of each species were assessed annually. Treatment factors had variable and species-specific effects on weed seedling densities. In general, the full-tillage system, with an initial cover crop of timothy and red clover, resulted in the lowest density of weed seedlings following seed-bank augmentation. There was little consistent association between the initial densities of applied weed seeds in the weed seed bank at the start of the transition and weed seedling densities at the end of the transition period. This suggests that when multiple crop and weed cultural management practices are employed during the organic transition period, initial failures in weed management may not necessarily lead to persistent and intractable annual weed species management problems following organic certification.

Modeling With Limited Data: The Influence of Crop Rotation and Management on Weed Communities and Crop Yield Loss

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Canner ◽  
L. J. Wiles ◽  
Robert H. Erskine ◽  
Gregory S. McMaster ◽  
Gale H. Dunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Alternative Crop ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Crop Yield Loss

Theory and models of crop yield loss from weed competition have led to decision models to help growers choose cost-effective weed management. These models are available for multiple-species weed communities in a single season of several crops. Growers also rely on crop rotation for weed control, yet theory and models of weed population dynamics have not led to similar tools for planning of crop rotations for cost-effective weed management. Obstacles have been the complexity of modeling the dynamics of multiple populations of weed species compared to a single species and lack of data. We developed a method to use limited, readily observed data to simulate population dynamics and crop yield loss of multiple-species weed communities in response to crop rotation, tillage system, and specific weed management tactics. Our method is based on the general theory of density dependence of plant productivity and extensive use of rectangular hyperbolic equations for describing crop yield loss as a function of weed density. Only two density-independent parameters are required for each species to represent differences in seed bank mortality, emergence, and maximum seed production. One equation is used to model crop yield loss and density-dependent weed seed production as a function of crop and weed density, relative time of weed and crop emergence, and differences among species in competitive ability. The model has been parameterized for six crops and 15 weeds, and limited evaluation indicates predictions are accurate enough to highlight potential weed problems and solutions when comparing alternative crop rotations for a field. The model has been incorporated into a decision support tool for whole-farm management so growers in the Central Great Plains of the United States can compare alternative crop rotations and how their choice influences farm income, herbicide use, and control of weeds in their fields.

scholarly journals REVIEW OF THE INFLUENCE OF CROP ROTATION AND PRIMARY TILLAGE OPERATIONS ON WEED SEED BANK

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 407-421
Author(s):  
Nawal Al-Hajaj
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Weed Emergence

In this study, we reviewed weed seed bank dynamic and main agriculture operations to come up with the weed seed management modeling designed to increase crop productivity by removing weed competition. Weed contributing with 10% loss of total global grain production. Weed seed bank regulate by five demographic processes seedling recruitment and survival, seed production, dispersal and seed survival in soil. The main agriculture operations that interference with weed seed bank are crop rotation and primary tillage. Tillage systems affect weed emergence, management, and seed production; therefore, changing tillage practices changes the composition, vertical distribution, and density of weed seed bank in agricultural soils. Weed species vary in their response to various crop rotations, due to the variability of weed-crop competition in their relative capacity to capture growth–limiting resources. Crop rotations affect weed emergence, management, composition, and density of weed seed bank. Finally, the study suggests elevating crop competitiveness against weeds, through a combination of crop rotation and reduce_ zero tillage, has strong potential to reduce weed-induced yield losses in crop.

Tillage and weed management effects on forage production in a barley-red clover rotation

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Légère ◽  
F. Craig Stevenson ◽  
Nathalie Samson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
No Till ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

Tillage and weed management practices used during the establishment year can likely affect for age yield during the subsequent production year(s). This study was conducted as part of a long-term experiment to determine the suitability of conservation tillage practices for red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) production on a Kamouraska clay from 1988 to 1995. Red clover was underseeded with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in cropping systems including different tillage (MP: fall moldboard plow; CP: fall chisel plow; NT: no-till) and weed management (intensive, moderate, minimum) treatments applied during the establishment year. Red clover dry matter yields and weed biomass were measured twice in the subsequent forage production year. Tillage had no effect on red clover yields in 3 out of 7 yr. Yields were 16% greater with NT in 1 yr and 52% with MP tillage in 3 yr compared with other tillage treatments. Weed response to tillage was consistent over years. Dicot weed biomass increased as tillage intensity was reduced. Monocot biomass was much less with NT than with MP or CP treatments. Red clover yield was 11% greater with intensive weed management, but this yield increase was not associated with differences in dicot or monocot biomass during the forage production year. Red clover yield gain with intensive weed management would need to be weighed against economical and environmental costs to determine the relevance of increased herbicide use in a short-term cereal/forage rotation. Key words: Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), conservation tillage, no-till, forage legume

Quackgrass suppression through crop rotation in conservation tillage systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Loeppky ◽  
D. A. Derksen
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Node Density ◽  
Elytrigia Repens

Quackgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski] is a widespread perennial weed traditionally controlled by tillage, a practice which can contribute to soil erosion and degradation. This study was initiated to determine the impact of integrated weed management strategies utilizing crop rotation, conservation tillage, and postemergence herbicides on quackgrass. Rotations of tall and semi-dwarf winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Norstar' and 'Norwin') or spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Katepwa' and 'HY320') with mustard (Brassica juncea 'Common Brown') and flax (Linum usitatissimum L. 'Norlin') were conducted at Indian Head, Saskatchewan for 4 yr to determine their effect on quackgrass shoot density, rhizome dry weight and rhizome node density. The presence or absence of winter wheat within the crop rotation had the greatest impact on quackgrass growth. During years when drought hampered winter wheat establishment, quackgrass growth was greater in winter wheat than in spring wheat, but under conditions favoring winter wheat establishment, the opposite occurred. Quackgrass growth in standard height wheat was similar to semi-dwarf wheat. Annual differences in quackgrass growth occurred between mustard and flax, but overall, no trend developed. Shoot density, rhizome biomass, and rhizome node density were not consistently correlated to crop yield. Crop rotation is a useful component of an integrated quackgrass management system. Key words: Integrated weed management (IWM), quackgrass, Elytrigia repens, crop rotation, conservation tillage

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