Evaluation of Cereal and Brassicaceae Cover Crops in Conservation-Tillage, Enhanced, Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton

Research was conducted for 2 yr at Marianna, AR, to determine whether the fall-planted cover crops rye, wheat, turnip, and a blend of brown and white mustard (Caliente) would aid weed management programs in conservation-tilled, enhanced, glyphosate-resistant cotton. Wheat and rye easily were established both years and turnip and mustard blend stands were better in the second year. The cover crops alone were more suppressive of Palmer amaranth, pitted morningglory, and goosegrass in 2007 than in 2008. Rye was generally superior to wheat in suppressing the three evaluated weeds. Once herbicides were applied, there were seldom differences among cover crops for a particular herbicide program as a result of the highly efficacious herbicide programs. Cotton yields were not affected by wheat, rye, or the mustard blend, but yields were lowest in plots that followed turnip both years, possibly because of allelopathy. Integration of cover crops, especially cereals, into conservation-tilled, glyphosate-resistant cotton aided early-season weed management and could reduce the selection of glyphosate for herbicide resistance.

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Herbicide and Cover Crop Residue Integration forAmaranthusControl in Conservation Agriculture Cotton and Implications for Resistance Management

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-11-00127.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 490-498 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Andrew J. Price ◽

Kip S. Balkcom ◽

Leah M. Duzy ◽

Jessica A. Kelton

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Management Practices ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Conservation Agriculture ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Early Season ◽

Density And Biomass

Conservation agriculture (CA) practices are threatened by glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. Integrated control practices including PRE herbicides and high-residue CA systems can decreaseAmaranthusemergence. Field experiments were conducted from autumn 2006 through crop harvest in 2009 at two sites in Alabama to evaluate the effect of integrated weed management practices onAmaranthuspopulation density and biomass, cotton yield, and economics in glyphosate-resistant cotton. Horizontal strips included four CA systems with three cereal rye cover crop seeding dates and a winter fallow (WF) CA system compared to a conventional tillage (CT) system. Additionally, vertical strips of four herbicide regimes consisted of: broadcast, banded, or no PRE applications ofS-metolachlor (1.12 kg ai ha−1) followed by (fb) glyphosate (1.12 kg ae ha−1) applied POST fb layby applications of diuron (1.12 kg ai ha−1) plus MSMA (2.24 kg ai ha−1) or the LAYBY application alone. Early-seasonAmaranthusdensity was reduced in high-residue CA in comparison to the CA WF systems in 2 of 3 yr.Amaranthusdensities in herbicide treatments that included a broadcast PRE application were lower at three of five sampling dates compared to banding early-season PRE applications; however, the differences were not significant during the late season and cotton yields were not affected by PRE placement. High-residue conservation tillage yields were 577 to 899 kg ha−1more than CT, except at one site in 1 yr when CT treatment yields were higher. CA utilizing high-residue cover crops increased net returns over CT by $100 ha−1or more 2 out of 3 yr at both locations. High-residue cover crop integration into a CA system reducedAmaranthusdensity and increased yield over WF systems; the inclusion of a broadcast PRE application can increase early-seasonAmaranthuscontrol and might provide additional control when glyphosate-resistantAmaranthuspopulations are present.

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Environmental factors may influence interseeded annual ryegrass and red clover establishment and growth more than soil residual herbicide applications

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2019.3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 296-302

Author(s):

Victoria L. Stanton ◽

Erin R. Haramoto

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Red Clover ◽

Minimal Risk ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Chemical Strategies ◽

Residual Herbicide

AbstractIntegrating multiple weed management (cultural, physical, chemical) strategies is often recommended to combat herbicide resistance. With the increased use of interseeded cover crops, the effects of PRE herbicides on their establishment and growth require study. An investigation was conducted in Lexington, KY, in 2016 through 2018 to assess the extent to which commonly used PRE corn herbicide combinations influenced interseeded red clover and annual ryegrass establishment and growth. Annual ryegrass density was reduced 29% at 3 wk after interseeding by the combination of residual dimethenamid-P and atrazine; however, biomass the following spring was not affected by herbicide combinations. Neither density of interseeded red clover at 2 to 3 wk after interseeding nor biomass prior to termination the following spring were influenced by herbicide combinations. However, red clover density was affected by herbicide treatment 5 wk after interseeding in 2016. These results could have been influenced by low summer survival, particularly in 2016. The environmental factors may have influenced the survival of the interseeded cover crops more than the PRE herbicides. This study suggests that multiple PRE herbicides can be used with minimal risk to interseeded red clover or annual ryegrass. However, the influence of the environment on establishment and survival of interseeded cover crops following the use of PRE herbicides requires further study.

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Integrating fall and spring herbicides with a cereal rye cover crop for horseweed (Conyza canadensis) management prior to soybean

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2019.116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 64-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Austin D. Sherman ◽

Erin R. Haramoto ◽

J. D. Green

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Production Systems ◽

Conyza Canadensis ◽

Cereal Rye ◽

Potential Interactions ◽

Herbicide Programs ◽

Spring Emergence ◽

Residual Control

AbstractHorseweed is one of Kentucky’s most common and problematic weeds in no-till soybean production systems. Emergence in the fall and spring necessitates control at these times because horseweed is best managed when small. Control is typically achieved through herbicides or cover crops (CCs); integrating these practices can lead to more sustainable weed management. Two years of field experiments were conducted over 2016 to 2017 and 2017 to 2018 in Versailles, KY, to examine the use of fall herbicide (FH; namely, saflufenacil or none), spring herbicide (SH; namely, 2,4-D; dicamba; or none), and CC (namely, cereal rye or none) for horseweed management prior to soybean. Treatments were examined with a fully factorial design to assess potential interactions. The CC biomass in 2016 to 2017 was higher relative to 2017 to 2018 and both herbicide programs reduced winter weed biomass in that year. The CC reduced horseweed density while growing and after termination in 1 yr. The FH reduced horseweed density through mid-spring. The FH also killed winter weeds that may have suppressed horseweed emergence; higher horseweed density resulted by soybean planting unless the CC was present to suppress the additional spring emergence. If either FH or CC was used, SH typically did not result in additional horseweed control. The SH killed emerged plants but did not provide residual control of a late horseweed flush in 2017 to 2018. These results suggest CCs can help manage spring flushes of horseweed emergence when nonresidual herbicide products are used, though this effect was short-lived when less CC biomass was present.

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Evaluation of Herbicide Programs for Use in a 2,4-D–Resistant Soybean Technology for Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-15-00129.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 366-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

M. Ryan Miller ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Amaranthus Palmeri ◽

Early Season ◽

Fully Integrated ◽

Soil Seedbank ◽

High Level ◽

Herbicide Programs

Two separate field experiments were conducted over a 2-yr period in Fayetteville, AR, during 2012 and 2013 to (1) evaluate POST herbicide programs utilizing a premixture of dimethylamine (DMA) salt of glyphosate + choline salt of 2,4-D in a soybean line resistant to 2,4-D, glyphosate, and glufosinate and (2) determine efficacy of herbicide programs that begin with PRE residual herbicides followed by POST applications of 2,4-D choline + glyphosate DMA on glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. In the first experiment, POST applications alone that incorporated the use of residual herbicides with the glyphosate + 2,4-D premixture provided 93 to 99% control of Palmer amaranth at the end of the season. In the second experiment, the use of flumioxazin, flumioxazin + chlorimuron methyl, S-metolachlor + fomesafen, or sulfentrazone + chloransulam applied PRE provided 94 to 98% early-season Palmer amaranth control. Early-season control helped maintain a high level of Palmer amaranth control throughout the growing season, in turn resulting in fewer reproductive Palmer amaranth plants present at soybean harvest compared to most other treatments. Although no differences in soybean yield were observed among treated plots, it was evident that herbicide programs should begin with PRE residual herbicides followed by POST applications of glyphosate + 2,4-D mixed with residual herbicides to minimize late-season escapes and reduce the likelihood of contributions to the soil seedbank. Dependent upon management decisions, the best stewardship of this technology will likely rely on the use multiple effective mechanisms of action incorporated into a fully integrated weed management system.

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Influence of Cover Crops on Weed Management in Strip Tillage Peanut

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-11-00064.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 568-573 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bridget R. Lassiter ◽

David L. Jordan ◽

Gail G. Wilkerson ◽

Barbara B. Shew ◽

Rick L. Brandenburg

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Native Vegetation ◽

Cereal Rye ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Strip Tillage ◽

Herbicide Programs

Experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2005, 2006, and 2007 to determine peanut and weed response when peanut was planted in strip tillage after desiccation of cereal rye, Italian ryegrass, oats, triticale, wheat, and native vegetation by glyphosate and paraquat before planting with three in-season herbicide programs. Control of common ragweed and yellow nutsedge did not differ among cover crop treatments when compared within a specific herbicide program. Applying dimethenamid orS-metolachlor plus diclosulam PRE followed by imazapic POST was more effective than a chloroacetamide herbicide PRE followed by acifluorfen, bentazon, and paraquat POST. Incidence of spotted wilt in peanut (caused by aTospovirus) did not differ when comparing cover crop treatments, regardless of herbicide program. Peanut yield increased in all 3 yr when herbicides were applied POST, compared with clethodim only. Peanut yield was not affected by cover crop treatment. Response to cover crop treatments was comparable, suggesting that growers can select cereal rye, Italian ryegrass, oats, or triticale as an alternative to wheat as a cover crop in peanut systems without experiencing differences associated with in-season weed management.

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Control of Weeds in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Using Flumioxazin1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/pnut.31.1.0004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 17-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. J. Grichar ◽

B. A. Besler ◽

K. D. Brewer

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Early Season ◽

Late Season ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Pitted Morningglory ◽

Herbicide Programs

Abstract Flumioxazin in combination with ethalfluralin provided early-season control of eclipta, pitted morningglory, and Texas panicum. Metolachlor plus flumioxazin failed to adequately control pitted morningglory (less than 80%), while flumioxazin did not control yellow nutsedge. Eclipta control with flumioxazin plus dimethenamid, imazethapyr, or metolachlor combinations were at least 99%. When flumioxazin was used in combination with dimethenamid, imazethapyr, or metolachlor, late-season yellow nutsedge control was greater than 70%. Late-season eclipta control was greater than 80% with flumioxazin alone, dimethenamid plus flumioxazin applied preemergence (PRE), ethalfluralin applied preplant incorporated (PPI) followed by (fb) flumioxazin at 0.07 kg/ha applied PRE, imazethapyr plus flumioxazin at 0.09 kg/ha applied PRE, metolachlor plus flumioxazin combinations applied PRE, or ethalfluralin applied PPI fb imazapic applied postemergence (POST). Late-season pitted morningglory control was less than 65% for all herbicide programs. Flumioxazin alone controlled no greater than 25% pitted morningglory, while ethalfluralin plus flumioxazin combinations controlled less than 48%. Late-season, flumioxazin alone controlled less than 70% Texas panicum, while ethalfluralin alone provided 84% control. All ethalfluralin plus flumioxazin combinations controlled 70 to 83% Texas panicum, while imazethapyr or metolachlor plus flumioxazin combinations controlled less than 70%. Yellow nutsedge control was greater than 70% with imazethapyr or metolachlor plus flumioxazin combinations.

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Flumioxazin for Weed Control in Texas Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-23-1-6 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 30-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

W. James Grichar ◽

A. Edwin Colburn

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Early Season ◽

Ipomoea Hederacea ◽

Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Pitted Morningglory ◽

Annual Grasses ◽

Herbicide Programs

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in 1991 and 1993 to evaluate flumioxazin alone and in various herbicide programs for weed control in peanut. Flumioxazin alone provided inconsistent control of annual grasses, while the addition of pendimethalin or trifluralin improved control considerably. Pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) and ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.] control was > 75% when flumioxazin was used alone. Flumioxazin caused early season peanut stunting with some recovery within 4 to 6 wk. Postemergence applications of imazethapyr or lactofen increased peanut stunting.

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Tomato Yield Stability during Five-year Transition to Conservation Tillage and Cover Cropping

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1111a ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1111A-1111 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jeffrey P. Mitchell ◽

William R. Horwath ◽

Karen K. Klonsky ◽

Randal J. Southard ◽

Rich DeMoura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

High Surface ◽

Production Costs ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Production Region ◽

Cover Cropping ◽

Tomato Yield ◽

Ct System

Eliminating tillage passes is a means to reduce production costs and dust emissions in California's San Joaquin Valley tomato production region. Inserting winter cover crops between summer crops may be a way to add organic matter to the soil and thereby improve soil quality. From 1999, we evaluated conservation tillage (CT) and cover cropping (CC) in a tomato/cotton rotation in Five Points, Calif. During the course of the study, tillage operations were reduced an average of 50% in the CT system relative to the standard tillage (ST) approach. Yields in the CT no cover crop (NO) system matched or exceeded yields in the STNO system in each year. Tomato yields in the CTCC and STCC systems were comparable to the STNO except in the first year, when stand establishment and early season vigor were problems. Weed management and machine harvest efficiency in high surface residue systems are issues requiring additional work in order to make CT adoption more widespread.

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Carrot weed management programs without linuron herbicide

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2018.122 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (03) ◽

pp. 490-494

Author(s):

Jed B. Colquhoun ◽

Richard A. Rittmeyer ◽

Daniel J. Heider

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Competitive Advantage ◽

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Wind Erosion ◽

Careful Attention ◽

Early Season ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Crop Injury ◽

Herbicide Programs

AbstractLinuron herbicide has been a mainstay of carrot weed management for years, but uncertainty around regulatory registration review and an increased prevalence of herbicide-resistant weeds have spurred interest in identifying alternatives that can be readily adopted in production. With this context in mind, herbicide programs were evaluated on a coarse-textured, low organic matter soil in 2015 and 2016. Season-long weed control without compromising yield was possible with weed management programs that included prometryn POST instead of linuron. With that said, a PRE herbicide such as pendimethalin was critical to establish an early-season competitive advantage for carrot plants over weeds, and careful attention should be paid to the prometryn rate, as selectivity is marginal. Carrot is often interseeded with a grain nurse crop to mitigate risk of wind erosion. Nurse crop injury was minimal where S-metolachlor, pendimethalin, or prometryn was applied at rates labeled for PRE use in carrot, with the exception of where prometryn was applied at rates above 1.1 kg ai ha−1.

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Weed infestation of spring common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in monoculture depending on the cover crop and weed control method

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2012.015 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 119-126

Author(s):

Dorota Gawęda ◽

Cezary A. Kwiatkowski

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Control Method ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Control Methods ◽

White Mustard

The aim of this 3-year field study was to evaluate the effect of some stubble crops and in-crop weed control methods on the species composition, number and air-dry weight of weeds in a wheat crop grown in short-term monoculture. The study was conducted in the period 2009-2011 in the Uhrusk Experimental Farm on mixed rendzina soil classified as very good rye soil complex. It included various types of stubble crops ploughed in each year (control treatment without cover crop, white mustard, lacy phacelia, a mixture of legumes – narrow-leaf lupin + field pea) and methods of weed control in spring wheat (mechanical, mechanical and chemical, chemical weed control). On average during the study period, all stubble crops used reduced the air-dry weight of weds in the treatments with mechanical weed management relative to the control treatment. Irrespective of the weed control method, the number of weeds in the wheat crop was significantly lower only after the ploughing in of white mustard. Mechanical weed management proved to be less effective in reducing the number and dry weight of weeds compared to other weed control methods. The white mustard and legume mixture cover crops had a reducing effect on the number of weed species in relation to the treatment without cover crops. The highest floristic diversity of weed communities was found in the spring wheat crop in which only mechanical weeding alone was used.

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