Influence of Late-Season Herbicide Applications on Control, Fecundity, and Progeny Fitness of Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Biotypes from Arkansas

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 807-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Jha ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Control Seed ◽  
Seedling Biomass ◽  
Lincoln County ◽  
100 Seed Weight

Experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 in Fayetteville, AR, to determine the influence of late-season herbicide applications on control, seed reduction, seed viability, and seedling fitness of two glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth biotypes, one from Mississippi County (MC) and the other from Lincoln County (LC) in Arkansas. Glyphosate (870 g ae ha−1), glufosinate (820 g ai ha−1), 2,4-D amine (1,060 g ae ha−1), dicamba (280 g ae ha−1), and pyrithiobac (70 g ai ha−1) were each applied at the first visible sign of inflorescence of GR Palmer amaranth plants. Glufosinate, 2,4-D, and dicamba provided 52 to 74% control of MC GR Palmer amaranth plants 28 d after treatment (DAT). The LC biotype was larger (94 cm tall) than the MC biotype was (64 cm tall) at application and was more difficult to control. Although control of GR Palmer amaranth was inadequate, late-season applications of glufosinate, 2,4-D, and dicamba reduced seed production of the LC biotype by 75 to 87% and production of the MC biotype by 94 to 95% compared with nontreated plants. Irrespective of biotypes, glufosinate, 2,4-D, and glyphosate reduced 100-seed weight by 22% compared with the nontreated control, and viability of seeds produced by treated plants was only 45 to 61% compared with 97% seed viability in nontreated plants. Glyphosate, glufosinate, 2,4-D, or dicamba reduced cumulative seedling emergence by an average of 84% compared with the nontreated check. Seedling biomass was four times greater for the LC than for the MC biotype, suggesting greater vigor and fitness for the LC progeny. This research demonstrates that a single, late-season (early inflorescence stage) application of glufosinate, 2,4-D, or dicamba could potentially reduce seedbank replenishment of GR Palmer amaranth. Additionally, reduction in seed weight, viability, and seedling recruitment would impair the success of GR Palmer amaranth progeny in the following season.

scholarly journals Potential Role of Sequential Glufosinate and Foramsulfuron Applications for Management of Fescues (Festucaspp.) in Wild Blueberry

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott N. White ◽  
Shanthanu Krishna Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Wild Blueberry

Sheep and hair fescue are perennial, tuft forming grasses that spread by seed and form dense sods in wild blueberry fields. These sods compete with the crop for resources and hinder harvest. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in 2015 to evaluate 1) the effect of sequential glufosinate and foramsulfuron applications on suppression of fescues in the greenhouse and field, and 2) efficacy of glufosinate and foramsulfuron on fescue seedlings when applied at 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk after seedling emergence in the greenhouse. Glufosinate applications at 750 and 1,005 g ai ha−1followed by foramsulfuron application at 35 g ai ha−1reduced fescue leaf number and biomass relative to foramsulfuron application alone in the greenhouse. In the field study, fescue flowering tuft density, tuft inflorescence height, seed production, and seed viability were reduced by foramsulfuron alone, but there was a trend towards lower seed production and tuft height when fescues were treated with glufosinate at 1,005 g ha−1followed by foramsulfuron. Foramsulfuron caused low seedling mortality at all application timings evaluated, but glufosinate caused >90% mortality in seedlings when applied at 2, 4, 6, or 8 wk after seedling emergence. Our results suggest that sequential applications of these herbicides are less effective under field conditions relative to results obtained in the greenhouse, though burndown glufosinate applications may have a role in reducing fescue seedling recruitment. Additional research should be conducted to determine the effect of early spring and autumn glufosinate applications on fescue seedling recruitment and suppression of established fescue tufts with subsequent foramsulfuron applications.

Postfire Demography of the Wet-Mallee Eucalyptus luehmanniana F Muell (Myrtaceae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Davies ◽  
PJ Myerscough
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Seed Fall ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Mature Population ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The post-fire demography of Eucalyptus luehmanniana, a wet-mallee eucalypt restricted to the Sydney region, was studied by descriptive and experimental methods. Patterns of growth and reproduction were related to time since the last fire for 15 populations burned from 2 to 24 years previously. After fire, mature individuals (clumps) resprout from subterranean lignotuberous buds producing numerous narrow stems. Resprouted clumps flower within 2-4 years and fruit within 5-6 years of the last fire. Fruits accumulate in the canopy with increasing time, up to at least 24 years since fire. Measurements from one reproductively mature population showed that there is a low level of seed-fall below the canopy (0.98 seeds m-2 day-1) in the absence of fire. Recruitment without fire appears unlikely due to a combination of factors: low seed viability (34.9%, s.e. = 5.3), low levels of field emergence, no soil-stored seed, and a high proportion (86.9%, s.e. = 3.4) of seed failing enclosed in capsules. Canopy-stored seed is released en masse following fire. Three factors potentially influencing the recruitment of E. luehmanniana seedlings, fire-related effects, water availability and protection of developing seedlings from animals, were investigated experimentally in the field. Seedling emergence was uniformly low (2.2-2.6%), and not significantly increased on burned plots, caged plots, or water-added plots alone. In one experiment, plots both burned and caged had significantly higher emergence. Mortality in all experimental plots was 100% within 6 months. Seedling recruitment of E. luehmanniana will not occur following all fires, and will depend on the coincidence of fire with suitable post-fire conditions.

scholarly journals Influence of Seed Size on Seedling Emergence, Growth and Yield of Potted Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Oyewole, Charles Iledun ◽  
Aminu Patience
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
State University ◽  
Arachis Hypogea ◽  
100 Seed Weight

Pot experiments were conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State in the Southern Guinea savannah ecological zone of Nigeria to evaluate the influence of seed size on plant performance with reference to seedling emergence, seedling growth, development and yield components and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogea). The treatment consisted of three different seed sizes: small, medium and large seeds apportioned to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with ten replications. For seed size, the seeds were initially graded into small, medium and large seeds based on visual assessment for length and diameter and from each group 100-seed weight was determined thus 100-seed weight became the parameter for measuring seed size as used in this experiment. The analyzed data showed no significant effect of seed size on groundnut canopy height, leaf number, leaf area, stem girth, days to first flower, number of pods / plant, pod weight, and shelling percentage, but significantly influenced mean days to seedling emergence, days to 50 percent flowering, 100-seed weight and taproot length. The significant effect of seed size on days to seedling emergence, days to 50 percent flowering, 100-seed weight and taproot length could significantly influence farmers’ opinion in the choice of seeds used in planting a field; as this could determine crop maturity, grain yield/ha while length of tap root could affect depth of root forage for nutrients and water, thus crop survival. Despite the non-significant effect of the treatment (seed size) on most parameters investigated, generally crop performance increased with seed size and vice versa, thus sowing of larger seeds is recommended for better groundnut performance.

Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Management as Influenced by Herbicide Selection and Application Timing

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis B. Johnson ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Soil Seedbank ◽  
100 Seed Weight

Field experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2012 at Fayetteville, AR, to compare four herbicides across three application timings for johnsongrass control and to evaluate the effect of late-season herbicide applications on johnsongrass control, fecundity, seed viability, and progeny emergence. In the first experiment, glyphosate at 840 g ae ha−1and clethodim at 68 and 136 g ai ha−1provided 75 to 94% control of 15- to 60-cm tall johnsongrass and up to 98% stand reduction 4 wk after treatment (WAT). Glufosinate and nicosulfuron were generally effective on ≤30-cm tall johnsongrass; however, efficacy declined as johnsongrass size increased. In the second experiment, glyphosate at 840 g ha−1provided at least 89% johnsongrass control when applied at boot or after panicle emergence and up to 95% stand reduction 3 WAT. Applications of glyphosate at 420 and 840 g ha−1, clethodim at 68 and 136 g ha−1, and glufosinate at 740 g ai ha−1at the boot stage reduced viable seed production of treated plants 94 to 99%. Irrespective of rate, glyphosate and clethodim applied at boot stage reduced progeny emergence by 77 to 95% and 100-seed weight of treated plants 62 to 96% compared to the nontreated check. This research demonstrates the importance of herbicide selection, particularly for controlling johnsongrass plants larger than 30 cm. Additionally, the results demonstrate the benefits of a single application of glyphosate or clethodim at the boot stage of johnsongrass for decreasing the soil seedbank and reducing the success of johnsongrass progeny in future years.

scholarly journals Effects of different EMS solution concentration and time treatment on morphological traits of Cyperus esculentus L

2020 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Yan Ye ◽  
Xueying Li ◽  
Hailin Qian ◽  
Songnan Yang ◽  
Xiao Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Agronomic Characters ◽  
Time Treatment ◽  
And Performance ◽  
100 Seed Weight

In order to study the effect of concentration and time of EMS solution on the emergence and performance of agricultural characters of Cyperus esculentus L., Jinong oil 6 was used as the experimental material, and different concentration (0.5%, 0.7%, 0.9%) and different treatment time (6h, 12h, 24h) were set to treat the seeds of Cyperus esculentus L.. The results showed that the seedling emergence rate, 100 seed weight and seed volume had different performance under different solution concentration and time treatment, and there was strong correlation between them. It was preliminarily considered that the higher solution concentration and time treatment had greater influence on the performance of agricultural characteristics of Cyperus esculentus L., and the combination of 0.9% solution concentration and 6h time was the best condition for EMS induction , tiller number, plant height, yield and other agronomic characters are the most best.

STUDY OF EFFECT OF EMS, MMS AND GR ON YIELD CONTRIBUTING TRAITS IN URDBEAN, VIGNA MUNGO

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. SAGADE
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Methane Sulphonate ◽  
Pod Length ◽  
100 Seed Weight ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The study of the effect of three well known mutagens, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) and gamma rays (GR) on the yield contributing traits of the urdbean variety TPU-4 were carried out in the M3 generation. Effect of selected mutagenic treatments/doses of EMS (0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 M), MMS (0.0025, 0.05 and 0.01 M) and (GR) (30, 40 and 50 KR) on different yield contributing traits like plant height, plant spread, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant and 100 seed weight were analyzed in the M3 populations of the variety TPU-4. Seeds of M2 plants and control were harvested separately and sown to raise M3 population.. Genetic variabilty in the mutagen administered M3 progeny of the urdbean variety TPU-4 was analyzed by employing statistical methods. Data on mean values and shift in the mean of seven quantitative traits was evaluated on individual plant basis. The experimental findings revealed that concentrations / dose of the all these mutagens showed inhibitory effect on plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length and number of seeds per pod. Lower concentrations of mutagens exerted a promotory effect on plant spread, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant while higher concentrations of these mutagens inhibited them to different extent.

scholarly journals Do applications of systemic herbicides when green fruit are present prevent seed production or viability of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard)?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Leo Roth ◽  
José Luiz C. S. Dias ◽  
Christopher Evans ◽  
Kevin Rohling ◽  
Mark Renz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Control Seed ◽  
Second Year

Garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande] is a biennial invasive plant commonly found in the northeastern and midwestern United States. Although it is not recommended to apply herbicides after flowering, land managers frequently desire to conduct management during this timing. We applied glyphosate and triclopyr (3% v/v and 1% v/v using 31.8% and 39.8% acid equivalent formulations, respectively) postemergence to established, second-year A. petiolata populations at three locations when petals were dehiscing, and evaluated control, seed production and seed viability. Postemergence glyphosate applications at this timing provided 100% control of A. petiolata by 4 weeks after treatment at all locations whereas triclopyr efficacy was variable, providing 38-62% control. Seed production was only reduced at one location, with similar results regardless of treatment. Percent seed viability was also reduced, and when combined with reductions in seed production, we found a 71-99% reduction in number of viable seed produced plant-1 regardless of treatment. While applications did not eliminate viable seed production, our findings indicate that glyphosate and triclopyr applied while petals were dehiscing is a viable alternative to cutting or hand-pulling at this timing as it substantially decreased viable A. petiolata seed production. Management Implications Postemergence glyphosate and triclopyr applications in the early spring to rosettes are standard treatments used to manage A. petiolata. However, weather and other priorities limit the window for management, forcing field practitioners to utilize more labor-intensive methods such as hand-pulling. It is not known how late in the development of A. petiolata these herbicides can be applied to prevent viable seed production. Since prevention of soil seedbank replenishment is a key management factor for effective long-term control of biennial invasive species, we hypothesized late spring foliar herbicide applications to second year A. petiolata plants when flower petals were dehiscing could be an effective management tool if seed production or viability is eliminated. Our study indicated that glyphosate applications at this timing provided 100% control of A. petiolata plants by 4 weeks after treatment at all locations, whereas triclopyr efficacy was inconsistent. Although both glyphosate and triclopyr decreased viable seed production to nearly zero at one of our three study locations, the same treatments produced significant amounts of viable seed at the other two locations. Our findings suggest late spring glyphosate and triclopyr applications should not be recommended over early spring applications to rosettes for A. petiolata management, as our late spring application timing did not prevent viable seed production, and may require multiple years of implementation to eradicate populations. Nonetheless, this application timing holds value in areas devoid of desirable understory vegetation compared to no management practices or mechanical management options including hand-pulling when fruit are present, as overall viable seed production was reduced to similar levels as these treatments.

Evaluation of some sunflower genotypes for agronomic traits and oil quality

Helia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Mohamed Aboelkassem ◽  
Asmaa Abd-EL-Halime Ahmed ◽  
Mohamed Ali Abdelsatar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Head Diameter ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
100 Seed Weight

Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate agronomic performance and oil quality of seven sunflower genotypes at Shandaweel Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, Sohag, Egypt during 2018 and 2019 summer seasons. These genetic materials were sown in a randomized complete block design having three replications. Significant genetic variations among evaluated sunflower genotypes for agronomic traits and oil quality were observed. The superior sunflower genotypes were Line 120 for seed yield per hectare (3102.38 kg), Sakha 53 for seed oil content (44.63 %) and Line 125 for oil quality where it contained the highest proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (89.20 %). The phenotypic coefficients of variation were slightly higher than genotypic coefficients of variation for all studied traits. High heritability (exceeded 60%) and genetic advance as percent of mean (ranged from medium to high, exceeded 10%) was observed for most studied traits. Seed yield per plant positively correlated with plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, and 100-seed weight and most chemical traits at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Maximum phenotypic direct effects on seed yield per plant were observed for 100-seed weight, head diameter and total unsaturated fatty acids. While, the highest genotypic direct effect on seed yield per plant was observed for head diameter. Hence, most studied traits could be employed as selection criteria for improving evaluated sunflower genotypes.

scholarly journals Fitness of F1 hybrids between 10 maternal wild soybean populations and transgenic soybean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Yue Liu ◽  
Ze Wen Sheng ◽  
Yu Qi Hu ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
Sheng Qiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Wild Soybean ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Transgenic Soybean ◽  
Wild Progenitor ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
100 Seed Weight ◽  
Pod Number

AbstractThe releasing of transgenic soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) into farming systems raises concerns that transgenes might escape from the soybeans via pollen into their endemic wild relatives, the wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.). The fitness of F1 hybrids obtained from 10 wild soybean populations collected from China and transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybean was measured without weed competition, as well as one JLBC-1 F1 hybrid under weed competition. All crossed seeds emerged at a lower rate from 13.33–63.33%. Compared with those of their wild progenitors, most F1 hybrids were shorter, smaller, and with decreased aboveground dry biomass, pod number, and 100-seed weight. All F1 hybrids had lower pollen viability and filled seeds per plant. Finally, the composite fitness of nine F1 hybrids was significantly lower. One exceptional F1 hybrid was IMBT F1, in which the composite fitness was 1.28, which was similar to that of its wild progenitor due to the similarities in pod number, increased aboveground dry biomass, and 100-seed weight. Under weed competition, plant height, aboveground dry biomass, pod number per plant, filled seed number per plant, and 100-seed weight of JLBC-1 F1 were lower than those of the wild progenitor JLBC-1. JLBC-1 F1 hybrids produced 60 filled seeds per plant. Therefore, F1 hybrids could emerge and produce offspring. Thus, effective measures should be taken to prevent gene flow from transgenic soybean to wild soybean to avoid the production F1 hybrids when releasing transgenic soybean in fields in the future.

EFFECT OF SOLID AND LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF ROSSELLE (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) IN THE NIGERIAN SAVANNAH

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-439
Author(s):  
K. M. Ladan ◽  
M. G. Abubakar ◽  
J. Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
100 Seed Weight

The Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of solid and liquid organic fertilizer on growth and yield of rosselle in 2016 cropping season at Institute of Agricultural Reserve Zaria, Samaru (11011’N 07038E and 686m) and Institute of Horticultural Research Farm Bagauda (12000’N 8031”Em 488m) in Northern Guinea Savannah and Sudan Savannah Ecological Zones of above sea level Nigeria. Treatments consisted of four levels of solid poultry manure (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0) tons/ha and five levels of liquid organic manure from Grand Total Organic Fertilizer Limited (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.9) litres/ha, which were factorially combined in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Data on growth parameter were collected on plant height (cm), plant dry weight (g), leaf Area index crop growth rate (CGR) Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Net assimilation rate (NAR) while data on yield parameters like number of calyx per pant, 100 seed weight (g) and  calyx yield per hectare kg/ha were collected. Results showed that plant height, plant dry weight(g), 100 seed weight(g) and calyx dry yield kg/ha had a significant increase with application of 2.0 litres/ha of liquid fertilizer than other rates. While application of solid poultry manure at 3.0ton/ha significantly increases plant height, net assimilation rate, leaf area index and calyx dry weight when compared with other rates. From the results obtained, the combination of 2.0 litres/ha liquid organic fertilizer and 3.0 ton/ha solid poultry manure produce the highest calyx yield at both location.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document