Estimation of the Starting Time of Stem Elongation Based on Internode Length Pattern and Number of Expanded Leaves in Sweet Sorghum

Fuchsia × hybrids `Dollar Princess' plants were grown under 35 day/night temperature (DT/NT) environments ranging from 10 to 30C over 2 years. Plants were grown under short days (SD) (9-hour 15-minute photoperiod) or long days (LD) (9-hour 15-minute photoperiod plus a 4-hour night interruption) within each environment. The influence of temperature on Fuchsia stem elongation and leaf expansion was best described by the relationship or difference (DIF) between DT and NT (DT - NT) rather than actual DT and NT between 10 and 25C. Both internode length and leaf area increased linearly as DIF increased from - 15 to + 15C with DT and NT between 10 and 25C. Internode length increased 0.129 and 0.071 cm/1C increase in DIF for LD- and SD-grown plants, respectively. Individual leaf area increased 0.52 and 0.40 cm2/1C increase in DIF for LD- and SD-grown plants, respectively. DT or NT above 24C reduced stem elongation and leaf expansion, regardless of DIF. The response of stem elongation and leaf expansion to DIF was greater on a percent basis when plants were grown under SD and LD, respectively. On an absolute basis, both internode length and leaf area were greater on LD-grown plants. Branching increased as average daily temperature decreased from 25 to 12C. Photoperiod did not affect branching.

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Effects of Paclobutrazol Drench Application Date on Poinsettia Height and Flowering

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.11.4.557 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 557-560 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

James E. Faust ◽

Pamela C. Korczynski ◽

Robert Klein

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Internode Length ◽

Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽

Late Season ◽

Area Reduction ◽

Length Measurements ◽

Application Date ◽

Long Term Impact

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of paclobutrazol drenches on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) `Freedom Red' height and flowering. In 1997 and 1998, paclobutrazol drenches [(a.i.) 0.118 mg/container; (28,350 mg = 1.0 oz)] were applied to poinsettias grown under natural photoperiods on four dates from 1 Oct. to 2 Nov. On plants receiving the paclobutrazol drench application during the second week in October, bract area was reduced by 15% and 12% compared with that of the control in 1997 and 1998, respectively; however, the bract area reduction was commercially acceptable. Anthesis date was not significantly affected during either year. Plant height and internode length measurements indicate that paclobutrazol drench applications had both a rapid and a long-term impact on poinsettia stem elongation. Paclobutrazol drenches applied in late October or early November are an effective tool for controlling late-season stem elongation of `Freedom Red' poinsettias grown under natural photoperiods. These late-season applications have the least risk for negatively affecting bract size while still reducing stem elongation in the last few weeks of the crop. Chemical names used: (±)-(R*,R*)-b-[(chlorophenyl)methyl]-a-(1,1-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).

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Contrasting Strategies of Alfalfa Stem Elongation in Response to Fall Dormancy in Early Growth Stage: The Tradeoff between Internode Length and Internode Number

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0135934 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. e0135934 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zhiying Liu ◽

Xiliang Li ◽

Zongli Wang ◽

Qizhong Sun

Keyword(s):

Growth Stage ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Early Growth ◽

Internode Length ◽

Early Growth Stage ◽

Fall Dormancy

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294 Quantifying the Effect of Application Date of Paclobutrazol Drenches on Poinsettia Stem Elongation and Bract Size

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.493b ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 493B-493

Author(s):

Pamela Korczynski ◽

James E. Faust ◽

Robert Klein

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Internode Length ◽

Node Number ◽

Application Date

Paclobutrazol drenches (1 ppm, 118.4 mL per pot) were applied to Poinsettia `Freedom' Red' on 1, 11, 21, and 31 Oct. in 1997 and 1998. Plant heights were recorded twice weekly throughout the experiment, and internode length and bract area were measured at harvest. The total bract area of the three true bracts and the top three transitional bracts was reduced by 5.8%, 13.6%, 4.2%, and 2.3% for the 1, 11, 21, and 31 Oct. application dates, respectively; however, all plants were highly marketable. At the time of each drench application, the most newly unfolded leaf was marked. The internode lengths for the three internodes below this leaf and the internodes that developed after the drench application were typically between 5 and 10 mm in length, while the internode lengths of the control plants were typically 10 to 25 mm, depending on node number. Plant height increased 62, 51, 47 and 19 mm following application on the 1, 11, 21, and 31 Oct. application dates, respectively. The 1, 11, 21, and 31 Oct. drench applications reduced total stem elongation from 1 Oct. to anthesis by 64%, 49%, 28%, and 15%, respectively. Paclobutrazol drenches did not affect time to anthesis.

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Selection of cut flower species affected promotion of flowering and stem elongation by far-red lighting or heating treatments on end of day under limited sunshine from autumn to winter

Horticultural Science ◽

10.17221/174/2018-hortsci ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 169-179

Author(s):

Yoshihiro Takemura ◽

Masayuki Kishimoto ◽

Fumio Tamura

Keyword(s):

Stem Elongation ◽

Internode Length ◽

Stem Length ◽

Cut Flower ◽

Cut Flowers ◽

Days To Flowering ◽

Selection Of

The effect of a brief exposure to treatments of end-of-day (EOD) far-red (FR) light and EOD-heating on flowering and stem elongation in certain species cultivated in areas with limited sunshine from autumn to winter has been investigated. Thirteen EOD-FR treated cultivars among all 24 cultivars tested in experiment 1, showed earlier flowering than control plants. Additionally, Kanzaki No.21, F1 Winter cherry and Gypsy deep rose were earlier to flower under the all night-FR treatment than under the EOD-FR treatment. Further, 13 cultivars among all cultivars tested in experiment 1 showed greater stem length, whereas 16 cultivars of them showed greater mean internode length than controls when treated with EOD-FR. The days to flowering in 13 cultivars treated by EOD-Heating, flowering was earlier than in controls. Also, stem length and mean internode length were also promoted by the same treatment in 7 cultivars. Additionally, flowering and stem elongation of Stella rose, Arizona sun, Suzuhime and Extra carmine rose were promoted by a combination of both treatments, and productivity and quality were improved. These results suggest that the treatments tested can help the production of cut-flowers in areas with limited sunshine from autumn to winter, although the method of application of the treatments must be optimized for each species.

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UTILITY OF DIF TO REGULATE VEGETABLE TRANSPLANT STEM ELONGATION

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.615g ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 615g-616

Author(s):

John T. Erwin

Keyword(s):

Sweet Corn ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Internode Length ◽

Snap Bean ◽

Light Quantity ◽

The Difference ◽

Male To Female ◽

Bulb Crops

Seedling stem elongation increased as the difference (DIF) between day (DT) and night (NT) temperatures increased from 10 to 26C (DIF=DT-NT). Stem elongation was primarily dependent on DIF on all crops studied except spring bulb crops. Internode lengths decreased in tomato (68%), watermelon (80%), squash (32%), sweet corn (68%) and snap bean (26%) as the difference between day and night temperatures decreased 12 degrees (C). Cucumber internode length decreased by 84% as DIF decreased 16 degrees (C). The ratio of male to female cucumber flowers decreased from 14 to 1, as DIF decreased 12 degrees (C) from 23 DT/17 NT to 17 DT/26 NT. Stem elongation was very sensitive to cool temperatures during the first 3 hours of the morning. Stem elongation was almost the same if the seedlings were cooled for the first 3 hours of the day versus cooling the plants all day. The interactions between temperature on stem elongation and light quantity and quality, and photoperiod will be discussed. Application of DIF in both northern and southern greenhouses will also be discussed.

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Study on the Regulatory Effects of GA3 on Soybean Internode Elongation

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081737 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1737

Author(s):

Fuxin Shan ◽

Rui Zhang ◽

Jin Zhang ◽

Chang Wang ◽

Xiaochen Lyu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Apical Meristem ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Internode Length ◽

Internode Elongation ◽

Primary Xylem ◽

Dwarf Cultivar ◽

Leaves And Roots ◽

Soybean Plants ◽

Regulatory Effects

Excessive plant height is an important factor that can lead to lodging, which is closely related to soybean yield. Gibberellins are widely used as plant growth regulators in agricultural production. Gibberellic acid (GA3), one of the most effective active gibberellins, has been used to regulate plant height and increase yields. The mechanism through which GA3 regulates internode elongation has been extensively investigated. In 2019 and 2020, we applied GA3 to the stems, leaves, and roots of two soybean cultivars, Heinong 48 (a high-stalk cultivar) and Henong 60 (a dwarf cultivar), and GA3 was also applied to plants whose apical meristem was removed or to girded plants to compare the internode length and stem GA3 content of soybean plants under different treatments. These results suggested that the application of GA3 to the stems, leaves, and roots of soybean increased the internode length and GA3 content in the stems. Application of GA3 decreased the proportion of the pith in the soybean stems and primary xylem while increasing the proportion of secondary xylem. The apical meristem is an important site of GA3 synthesis in soybean stems and is involved in the regulation of stem elongation. GA3 was shown to be transported acropetally through the xylem and laterally between the xylem and phloem in soybean stems. We conclude that the GA3 level in stems is an important factor affecting internode elongation.

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High planting density induces the expression of GA3-oxidase in leaves and GA mediated stem elongation in bioenergy sorghum

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-79975-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ka Man Jasmine Yu ◽

Brian McKinley ◽

William L. Rooney ◽

John E. Mullet

Keyword(s):

Stem Elongation ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Internode Length ◽

Cell Length ◽

Planting Density ◽

Shade Avoidance ◽

Internode Elongation ◽

The Impact ◽

Number Of Cells

AbstractThe stems of bioenergy sorghum hybrids at harvest are > 4 m long, contain > 40 internodes and account for ~ 80% of harvested biomass. In this study, bioenergy sorghum hybrids were grown at four planting densities (~ 20,000 to 132,000 plants/ha) under field conditions for 60 days to investigate the impact shading has on stem growth and biomass accumulation. Increased planting density induced a > 2-fold increase in sorghum internode length and a ~ 22% decrease in stem diameter, a typical shade avoidance response. Shade-induced internode elongation was due to an increase in cell length and number of cells spanning the length of internodes. SbGA3ox2 (Sobic.003G045900), a gene encoding the last step in GA biosynthesis, was expressed ~ 20-fold higher in leaf collar tissue of developing phytomers in plants grown at high vs. low density. Application of GA3 to bioenergy sorghum increased plant height, stem internode length, cell length and the number of cells spanning internodes. Prior research showed that sorghum plants lacking phytochrome B, a key photoreceptor involved in shade signaling, accumulated more GA1 and displayed shade avoidance phenotypes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing planting density induces expression of GA3-oxidase in leaf collar tissue, increasing synthesis of GA that stimulates internode elongation.

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INTERACTION BETWEEN DIURNAL TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS AND GIBBERELLINS ON LYCOPERSlCUM STEM ELONGATION AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT.

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.657c ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 657c-657

Author(s):

John E. Erwin ◽

Gerald Pierson

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Growth Regulator ◽

Temperature Regime ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Internode Length ◽

Environment Temperature ◽

The Difference ◽

To Receive ◽

Growth Regulator Treatment

Lypcopersicum esculentum cv `Money Maker' seeds were germinated at constant 20C. Three days after germination seedlings were randomly divided into 3 groups and placed into 3 growth chambers maintained at 23/17, 20/20, or 17/23C (day/night temperature) (DT/NT). Irradiance and photoperiod were maintained at 250 μmol s-1 m-2 and 12 hrs, respectively. At the 2 leaf stage, plants in each chamber were divided into 3 groups of 3 plants each to receive a growth regulator treatment. Growth regulator treatments consisted of spray applications of either ancymidol (52ppm), GA3 (12ppm), or water applied every 3 days for 21 days. Measurements were taken on internode length and chlorophyll content after 21 days. Internode length increased as the difference (DIF) between DT and NT increased (DT-NT). Exogenous applications of GA3 overcame inhibition of stem elongation resulting from a -DIF environment. Application of ancymidol did not significantly decrease stem elongation in a -DIF environment. Temperature regime had a significant impact on chlorophyll content per mg dry weight. In contrast, growth regulator applications had a significant impact on chlorophyll content cm-2. There was no significant impact of either temperature regime or growth regulator treatment on the chlorophyll a/b ratio.

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