Hamlet and Fortinbras

PMLA ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-698
Author(s):  
William Witherle Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Rational Basis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Special Examination ◽  
Single Combat

The tragic history of the royal house of Denmark opens with an episode which seems today, on any rational basis, absurd. Horatio tells Marcellus and Bernardo on the castle terrace at midnight that the elder Fortinbras, King of Norway, challenged Hamlet's father to single combat, agreeing to forfeit all his lands if vanquished, and that the Danish king put up an equal stake. In the ensuing encounter Fortinbras was slain. The elder Hamlet thus appears as a reckless champion, risking life and lands on personal valor, rather than as a careful guardian of his domain. Nowadays, if we give this a thought, we are likely to dismiss it as an odd custom, familiar from Viking days and the time when knighthood was in flower. It is indeed one of the archaic features of the old tale of Amleth which survived into Shakespeare's pages, but it still had, in the Elizabethan age, a validity which is not always realized. Although it is only a small piece in the great tapestry of Hamlet, it will repay, I think, some special examination.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-660
Author(s):  
Alice H. Cushing
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Rational Basis ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
History Of

THE PURPOSE of this review is to summarize the present status of antibiotic therapy of diarrhea in infancy and childhood. Such a review is currently pertinent because increased knowledge of the natural history of bacterial enteric diseases and the effects exerted by antibiotics on the course of these diseases enables the physician to approach such therapy on a more rational basis. Most diarrhea in infancy and childhood is not identifiable as bacterial in etiology. While in some communities 5% or less of such patients can be shown to harbor recognizable bacterial pathogens, as many as 60% of patients in other areas may yield bacterial pathogens on culture. The etiology of diarrhea in the absence of identifiable bacterial pathogens is obscure, although the results of a number of studies indicate that certain enteroviruses are frequently responsible. BACTERIOLOGIC STUDIES Of paramount importance in the management of patients with diarrhea is a careful search for bacterial pathogens because the decision as to whether to employ an antibiotic—and, if so, which antibiotic—is based upon the results of appropriate studies. Such studies comprise culture of the stool on specific media or examination by fluorescent antibody techniques. Serologic examinations are ordinarily unavailable for infections due to shigellae and EPEC, and they are of value in only a few salmonella infections; in addition, they do not afford prompt answers. The expense involved in such bacteriologic examinations is considerable and indicates the need for some selectivity in determining which patients should be studied for the presence of bacterial pathogens.

scholarly journals A Sociology of Maori Education - Beyond Mediating Structures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Walter Takaha Penetito
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Rational Basis ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Indigenous Minority ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mediating Structures

<p>The history of the relationship between Maori (the indigenous minority) and Pakeha (the dominant majority) is one that is encapsulated in processes of mediation. Pakeha resolve issues that favour kawanatanga solutions (article 1 of the Treaty) while Maori recommendations almost always line up with solutions that uphold questions to do with tino rangatiratanga (article 2 of the Treaty). Each takes into account forms of accommodation of the other but these compromise positions are usually the tasks for the public servants who are by definition, working for the government of the day, and therefore, on the side of kawanatanga. The point of articulation is critical in the nature of the relationship between Maori and Pakeha. The legal academic, Alex Frame (2002) describes this position as important for those New Zealanders "who have tried to walk in both worlds, thereby not only honouring and strengthening their own and each other's cultures, but also bringing to life a third and co-existing culture of interaction in Aotearoa". A study of a variety of mediating structures, explores the relationship between Maori and Pakeha and analyses the effects these have on both parties, especially as these pertain to developments in Maori education. An approach to settling the conundrum of prioritising one agenda without creating new grievances for redress is argued throughout the study. It is argued, further, that a major re-think is needed of what an education will mean in order to meet the requirements of a contemporary Polynesian/Western society that both honours the tenets of its foundation document as well as providing a rational basis for meeting commitments in the modern global society.</p>

scholarly journals A Sociology of Maori Education - Beyond Mediating Structures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Walter Takaha Penetito
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Rational Basis ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Indigenous Minority ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mediating Structures

<p>The history of the relationship between Maori (the indigenous minority) and Pakeha (the dominant majority) is one that is encapsulated in processes of mediation. Pakeha resolve issues that favour kawanatanga solutions (article 1 of the Treaty) while Maori recommendations almost always line up with solutions that uphold questions to do with tino rangatiratanga (article 2 of the Treaty). Each takes into account forms of accommodation of the other but these compromise positions are usually the tasks for the public servants who are by definition, working for the government of the day, and therefore, on the side of kawanatanga. The point of articulation is critical in the nature of the relationship between Maori and Pakeha. The legal academic, Alex Frame (2002) describes this position as important for those New Zealanders "who have tried to walk in both worlds, thereby not only honouring and strengthening their own and each other's cultures, but also bringing to life a third and co-existing culture of interaction in Aotearoa". A study of a variety of mediating structures, explores the relationship between Maori and Pakeha and analyses the effects these have on both parties, especially as these pertain to developments in Maori education. An approach to settling the conundrum of prioritising one agenda without creating new grievances for redress is argued throughout the study. It is argued, further, that a major re-think is needed of what an education will mean in order to meet the requirements of a contemporary Polynesian/Western society that both honours the tenets of its foundation document as well as providing a rational basis for meeting commitments in the modern global society.</p>

Byzantine Architecture in Mani

1933 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 137-162
Author(s):  
H. Megaw
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Short Account ◽  
The Core ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Principal Objective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Byzantine Architecture ◽  
Special Examination ◽  
The Church

It is a little surprising that practically nothing has been done to supplement Traquair's valuable pioneer work on the churches of Mani. The field is richer even than his article suggests. The buildings are in a state of preservation unique for Greece, they cover a long period and their study may be expected to elucidate the history of the peninsula in the Middle Ages.In July 1933 I spent four days in the villages between Pyrgos and Gerolimena, a journey of which the principal objective was the church of H. Theodoros at Vamvaka. This, the only dated church reported in Mani, is somewhat summarily dealt with in Traquair's survey. Though small in size and simply decorated it gives the key to the chronology of the whole Mani group and seemed on this account to deserve a special examination. A short account of this church constitutes the core of the present article (pp. 139–145).

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