The Role of Damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera) as Paratenic Hosts in the Transmission of Halipegus eccentricus (Digenea: Hemiuridae) to Anurans

2010 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 724-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew G. Bolek ◽  
Heather R. Tracy ◽  
John Janovy
Keyword(s):  
Paratenic Hosts

The Role of Local Fishes as an Intermediate or Paratenic hosts for some Parasites of Aquatic Birds in Basrah Province

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (2 (special Issue)) ◽  
pp. 269-274
Author(s):  
Abdul- Hussain H. Awad ◽  
Iltifat A. A. Al-Tameemi
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Birds ◽  
Paratenic Hosts

Extraintestinal Acanthocephalan Oncicola venezuelensis (Oligacanthorhynchidae) in Small Indian Mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) and African Green Monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 794-798
Author(s):  
Anne A. M. J. Becker ◽  
Sreekumari Rajeev ◽  
Mark A. Freeman ◽  
Amy Beierschmitt ◽  
Victoria Savinon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Feral Cat ◽  
Chlorocebus Aethiops ◽  
Herpestes Auropunctatus ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
Green Monkeys ◽  
Small Indian Mongoose

We identified multiple extraintestinal cystacanths during routine postmortem examination of 3 small Indian mongooses and 2 African green monkeys from the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. In mongooses, cystacanths were encysted or free in the subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscle, or peritoneal or pericardial cavities, whereas in the monkeys, they were in the cavity and parietal layer of the, tunica vaginalis, skeletal muscle, and peritoneal cavity. Morphological, histological, and molecular characterization identified these cystacanths as Oncicola venezuelensis (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae). There was minimal to mild lymphoplasmacytic inflammation associated with the parasite in the mongooses and moderate inflammation, mineralization, hemorrhage, and fibrosis in the connective tissue between the testis and epididymis in 1 monkey. We identified a mature male O. venezuelensis attached in the aboral jejunum of a feral cat, confirming it as the definitive host. Termites serve as intermediate hosts and lizards as paratenic hosts. This report emphasizes the role of the small Indian mongoose and African green monkey as paratenic hosts for O. venezuelensis.

Seroepidemiology of toxocariasis in a rural Tepehuanos population from Durango, Mexico

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Alvarado-Esquivel
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Indigenous Ethnic Group ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
Ig G

AbstractThe epidemiology of toxocariasis in humans in Mexico has been poorly explored. There is a lack of information about toxocariasis in Tepehuanos, an indigenous ethnic group in Durango State in northern Mexico. Therefore, the presence of anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies was determined in 126 rural Tepehuanos using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Socio-demographic, clinical and behavioural data of the participants were also obtained. Of the 126 Tepehuanos assessed (mean age 32.46 ± 17.36 years), 33 (26.2%) had anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies. Multivariate analysis showed that Toxocara seropositivity was associated with unemployment (students and housewives) (odds ratio (OR) = 3.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25–7.47). Other socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics, including age, educational level, contact with animals or soil, consumption of unwashed raw fruits and vegetables or untreated water, were not associated with Toxocara seropositivity. Clinical data were similar in seropositive and seronegative Tepehuanos. These results indicate that Toxocara exposure is common among Tepehuanos but Toxocara does not appear to impact on the health of the population. This is the first report of toxocaral infection in Tepehuanos, and of an association of toxocariasis in adults with unemployment. Further research is needed to elucidate the routes of transmission of Toxocara in Tepehuanos, including the role of hygiene practices, canine and feline contacts, paratenic hosts and soil contamination with infective Toxocara eggs.

Role of cats in human toxocarosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 400-408
Author(s):  
Pablo David Jimenez Castro ◽  
Sarah GH Sapp
Keyword(s):  
Definitive Host ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Paratenic Hosts

Toxocara cati, the feline ascarid, is ubiquitous in domestic cats globally and is increasingly recognised as an important zoonotic species. In the definitive host, infections with the adult ascarid usually do not present any clinical signs; if clinical signs do appear, it is usually in kittens infected with T. cati, especially by the trans-mammary route. Diseases may include cachexia, a pot-bellied appearance, respiratory disorders, diarrhoea, vomiting, among other signs, and these may present as early as 3 weeks of age. However, infections with Toxocara spp. larvae in paratenic hosts (including humans and many other animals), can result in serious complications from the migration of larvae. Historically, there has been an assumption that Toxocara canis was the most likely cause of Toxocara spp.-related disease; while it is probably true that T. canis is responsible for the majority of infections, it is important that those caused by T. cati are accurately identified so that the contribution of this parasite to human disease can be established and then handled appropriately. Overall, the detection of infections in cats and the control of parasite stages in the environment are essential to minimise the infection risk to other animals or humans.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of anurans, lizards, and fish to infection with Dracunculus species larvae and implications for their roles as paratenic hosts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin K. Box ◽  
Michael J. Yabsley ◽  
Kayla B. Garrett ◽  
Alec T. Thompson ◽  
Seth T. Wyckoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Paratenic Hosts

AbstractDracunculus spp. are parasitic nematodes that infect numerous species of mammals and reptiles. The life cycles of Dracunculus species are complex, and unknowns remain regarding the role of paratenic and transport hosts in transmission to definitive hosts. We had two primary objectives: to assess the susceptibility of several species of anurans, lizards, and fish as paratenic hosts for Dracunculus species, and to determine the long-term persistence of Dracunculus infections in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Animals were orally exposed to copepods infected with infectious third-stage larvae (L3s) of either Dracunculus insignis or D. medinensis. Dracunculus L3s were recovered from four anuran species, two lizard species, and one fish species, demonstrating that Dracunculus can infect tissues of a diversity of species. In long-term persistence trials, D. medinensis L3s were recovered from African clawed frogs tissues up to 58 days post-infection, and D. insignis L3s were recovered up to 244 days post-infection. Our findings regarding the susceptibility of novel species of frogs, lizards, and fish to infection with Dracunculus nematodes, and long-term persistence of L3s in paratenic hosts, address pressing knowledge gaps regarding Dracunculus infection in paratenic hosts and may guide future research regarding the transmission of Dracunculus to definitive mammalian hosts.

scholarly journals EARTHWORMS ECOLOGICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC CONTRIBUTION TO PREVENTION OF TOXOCARIASIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 897-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria V. Erofeeva ◽  
O. V. Maslennikova
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Time Migration ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
First Time ◽  
Period Duration

Introduction. Morbidity toxocariasis, second in prevalence geohelminthiasis in Russia, is a serious problem in recent years, especially in metropolitan areas. The involvement of earthworms in the life cycle of toxocarias remains poorly understood. The role of earthworms (paratenic hosts) in the circulation and prevention of toxocariasis is established. The work is aimed at a contribution finding out of earthworms Еisеniа fеtidа (paratenic hosts) in toxocariasis circulation and prevention. Material and methods. Nematodes dehelminthization derived from animals. For the first time in Russian Federation, experiments have been conducted on infestation of earthworms Е. fеtidа with infective eggs Tоxоcаrа cаnis and Tоxоcаrа mystax. Results. In the conducted experiments, possibility is proved of infestation of earthworms Е. fеtidа with infective eggs Т. canis and Т. mystax via earth bacterized with 10000 infective eggs. For the first time migration was proved of ascaridate larvae from intestines to skin-muscular sac of the earthworms. Conclusion. Besides, investigation was conducted aimed at finding out of the period duration of Т. canis and Т. mystax larvae staying in earthworms’ intestines and sinews.

scholarly journals Metacestodes of Elasmobranch Tapeworms in Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) from Central Mediterranean—SEM and Molecular Data

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2038
Author(s):  
Perla Tedesco ◽  
Monica Caffara ◽  
Andrea Gustinelli ◽  
Graziano Fiorito ◽  
Maria Letizia Fioravanti
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Data ◽  
Taxonomic Resolution ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Tyrrhenian Sea ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
The Common ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
First Time

Cephalopods are intermediate/paratenic hosts in the life cycle of elasmobranch tapeworms, nevertheless most records of infection in this group of mollusks are outdated and fragmentary. The present work aimed to investigate the cestode fauna of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris from the Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean). The parasitic stages were characterized by light and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and sequencing of 28S rDNA. Three cestode taxa were identified to the genus level: the onchoproteocephalidean Acanthobothrium sp. (prevalence 28%), the “tetraphyllidean” Anthobothrium sp. (prevalence 13%) and the trypanorhynch Nybelinia sp. (prevalence 3%). The remarkable prevalence observed for gastrointestinal cestodes highlight a possible important role of O. vulgaris in the transmission of elasmobranch tapeworms, particularly Onchoproteocephalideans. Furthermore, the present work provides, for the first time, detailed morphological (SEM) and molecular support to confirm the occurrence of Anthobothrium sp. in cephalopod hosts. In order to gain higher taxonomic resolution for the identified taxa, we stress the need to collect further morphological and molecular data of adult cestodes infecting their elasmobranch definitive hosts.

Development of Physaloptera maxillaris (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) in skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and the role of paratenic and other hosts in its life cycle

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Cawthorn ◽  
Roy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Mephitis Mephitis ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Striped Skunk ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Mustela Furo ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
Patent Infection

The development of Physaloptera maxillaris in skunk (Mephitis mephitis) was examined. The third moult was first observed at 5 days after infection and the fourth at 10 days. The prepatent period was determined as 41–45 days in skunk maintained under summer conditions. Various stages occurring in skunk are briefly described. Development of worms from the third stage to adulthood was consistently asynchronous in skunk.The striped skunk appears to be the only suitable definitive host of P. maxillaris. Experimentally it was not possible to produce patent infection in dogs (Canisfamiliaris), cats (Felis catus), mink (Mustela vison), ferrets (Mustela furo), rats (Rattus norvegicus), or raccoons (Procyon lotor) fed on the same diet as skunk. P. maxillaris is redescribed briefly.Leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) may be potential paratenic hosts of P. maxillaris. Third-stage larvae did not penetrate tissues but remained in the gut for several days after infection and retained their infectivity. However, frogs and snakes are apparently not important components of the diet of skunk in the Guelph area.

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