THE EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICAL STEROIDS ON THE TISSUE ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION OF THE FRESH-WATER RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI)

1963 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. HOLMES ◽  
D. G. BUTLER
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Transient Rise ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

SUMMARY The effects were studied of cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in muscle and blood plasma and on water content of muscle in the fresh-water rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). These steroids appeared to cause a loss in plasma sodium throughout the 96 hr. experimental period. An initial rise in muscle sodium was observed during the first 24 hr. after commencement of the treatments. The subsequent decline in muscle sodium was interrupted by a transient rise followed by a continuing decline. The effect of these hormones on the potassium concentrations in plasma was variable, although there was a significant rise in the potassium concentration in muscle during the period of decline in sodium concentration. The significance of these results in relation to the possible enhanced adrenocortical activity of the trout during adaptation to a marine environment is discussed.

OSMOREGULATORY ADAPTATION OF STEELHEAD TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON) TO SEA WATER

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Hillier Houston
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Cellular Dehydration ◽  
Extracellular Compartment ◽  
Electrolyte Uptake ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Steelhead trout transferred from fresh water into sea water exhibited two distinct phases in osmoregulatory adaptation. The first, or adjustive phase, was distinguished by marked departures from fresh-water levels and distributions of water and electrolytes. Increases in muscle chloride space indicated transfer of fluids from cells into the extracellular compartment. Plasma levels of water, chloride, sodium, and potassium rose, while that of calcium remained relatively constant. The ratio of plasma sodium to chloride fell sharply suggesting a condition of acidosis. Cellular calcium concentrations rose markedly, while smaller increases were seen in chloride and potassium levels. Changes in calcium appeared to be a function of both cellular dehydration and electrolyte uptake. Changes in cellular potassium concentrations were related primarily to dehydration since tissue levels of this ion fell slightly in sea water. The roles of active electrolyte excretory processes, and the passive withdrawal of ions from the circulating fluids by complex formation, have been considered as osmoregulatory mechanisms leading to the establishment of the second, or regulative, phase of adaptation to sea water.

scholarly journals Adaptational Responses of Rainbow Trout to Lowered External Nacl Concentration: Contribution of the Branchial Chloride Cell

1989 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVE F. PERRY ◽  
PIERRE LAURENT
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Ionic Fluxes ◽  
Area 5

1. Whole-body ionic fluxes and gill chloride cell (CC) morphology were monitored in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed acutely or chronically to natural fresh water (NFW; [Na+]=0.120 mmoll−1; [Cr]=0.164 mmoll−1) or artificially prepared fresh water with reduced [NaCl] (AFW; [Na+]=0.017 mmoll−1; [CT]=0.014 mmoll−1). 2. Net fluxes of Na+ (JnetNa) and Cl− (JnetCl) became extremely negative (indicating net NaCl loss to the environment) upon immediate exposure to AFW exclusively as a result of reduced NaCl influx (JinNa and JinNa). JnetNa and JnetCl were gradually restored to control rates during prolonged (30 days) exposure to AFW. 3. The restoration of JnetCl in AFW was due both to increased JinCl and to reduced Cl− efflux (JoutCl) whereas the primary response contributing to the restoration of JnetNa a t was an increase of JNain. 4. The total apical surface area of branchial CCs exposed to the external environment increased markedly after 24 h in AFW and remained elevated for 1 month as a consequence of enlargement of individual CCs and, to a lesser extent, increased CC density. JinNa and JinNa were correlated significantly with total CC apical surface area. 5. Plasma cortisol levels rose transiently in fish exposed to AFW. Treatment of NFW-adapted fish with cortisol for 10 days (a protocol known to cause CC proliferation) caused pronounced increases in JinCl and JinNa, as measured in both NFW and AFW. 6. These results suggest that an important adaptational response of rainbow trout to low environmental [NaCl] is cortisol-mediated enlargement of branchial epithelial CCs which, in turn, enhances the NaCl-transporting capacity of the gill as a result of the proliferation of Na+ and Cl− transport sites.

RENAL CLEARANCE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN HYPOTHERMIA

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Kanter
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Respiration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Clearance Ratio ◽  
Control Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The handling of sodium and potassium by the renal tubules at various levels of hypothermia was studied. Fourteen dogs were anesthetized with 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. After suitable control clearance measurements, the rectal temperature was lowered progressively by ice-packing to about 25 °C while renal clearances were continuously measured. Artificial respiration was not used. No change in plasma sodium was detected but plasma potassium fell significantly from a control value of 4.1 ± 0.09 meq/1. at 38 °C to 3.4 ± 0.12 meq/1. at 25 °C. Urine sodium concentration fell during exposure to cold while potassium concentration increased slightly. In spite of the marked fall in glomerular nitration rate (69.0 ± 3.1 ml/minute control to 17.0 ± 3.6 ml/minute at 25 °C) the final urine flow at 25 °C was slightly greater than that of control. The clearance ratios (in percentage) increased significantly, reflecting the marked decrease in tubular reabsorption: water, 0.49 ± 0.05 at 38 °C to 2.02 ± 0.25 at 25 °C; sodium, 0.47 ± 0.12 to 1.13 ± 0.27; potassium, 18.0 ± 2.6 to 54.0 ± 12.0. The difference in clearance ratio alterations is a reflection of the dissimilar effect of hypothermia on particular renal regulations.

Cation content of salt gland secretion and tears in the brolga, Grus rubicundus (Perry) (Aves : Gruidae)

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Hughes ◽  
JG Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Salt Gland ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Gland Secretion ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
First Report ◽  
Gland Size ◽  
Cation Content ◽  
Salt Gland Secretion ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

This is the first report of salt gland secretion in cranes (Gruidae). The sodium and potassium concentrations of the plasma, tears, salt gland secretion, and urine of the brolga were determined. Tear sodium was equal to plasma sodium; tear plasma was four times as concentrated as plasma potassium. These values were normal for tears. The salt gland secretion sodium concentration (about 300 m-equivll) was lower than that reported for other NaC1-injected birds. This may be due to the diet, small gland size, or to insufficient stress. The salt gland secretion to plasma ratios were the same for sodium and potassium. This is unusual. The urine had a lower sodium concentration than the plasma.

THE EFFECT OF MUSCULAR EXERCISE ON PLASMA SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN THE RAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Sréter ◽  
Sydney M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Preliminary Training ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

After running a distance of 100 meters in 7 minutes, untrained rats showed a rise in plasma potassium and a fall in plasma sodium as measured in tail vein samples. These changes are in accord with in vitro observations of the effects of exercise on isolated muscle preparations and similarly are taken to indicate a gain of sodium and a loss of potassium by the exercised muscles in the whole animal. Within 10 minutes of completion of the exercise, plasma sodium concentration was restored to normal while potassium was restored within 20 minutes. Exercise was accompanied by a fall in haematocrit, which remained low for up to 40 minutes. A period of 2 months of preliminary training modified the response to exercise. In these trained animals, a fall in sodium concentration occurred as before but the rise in potassium concentration was less in degree and the haematocrit did not change. It is suggested that the rate of increase of plasma potassium is an index of muscle efficiency while the height of plasma potassium is correlated with the fatigue limit of exercise.

Liver Damage in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fed Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1397-1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Malevski ◽  
J. H. Wales ◽  
M. W. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids ◽  
Cyclic Changes ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

Histological changes in livers of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) repeatedly fed diets containing cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) revealed that these fish were unable to develop resistance to liver damage caused by CPFA. One group of trout was fed 150 ppm CPFA in the basal diet for 49 days followed by the basal diet for the remainder of the experimental period. Another group of trout was fed 150 ppm CPFA for 49 days, basal diet for 65 days, and 150 ppm CPFA for 45 days. At this time this group was divided into two subgroups; one received basal diet for 15 days, the other for 30 days, after which both subgroups were placed on a diet containing 360 ppm CPFA for 36 days. Analysis of the livers for histological changes showed that the parenchymal cells underwent cyclic changes of injury and recovery each time the trout were fed CPFA. Complete recovery of parenchymal cells occurred after the fish were removed from the diets containing CPFA for 30 days. Bile duct and blood vessel hyperplasia was observed for as long as 7 mo after CPFA was eliminated from the trout diet.

scholarly journals A role of metallothionein in zinc regulation after oestradiol induction of vitellogenin synthesis in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
P E Olsson ◽  
M Zafarullah ◽  
L Gedamu
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Differential Pulse ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Differential Pulse Polarography ◽  
Pulse Polarography ◽  
Vitellogenin Synthesis ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Liver Somatic Index ◽  
Vitellogenin Mrna

The regulation of metallothionein (MT) biosynthesis in rainbow-trout liver was studied after a single intraperitoneal injection of oestradiol-17 beta. Sampling was performed after 2, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Following induction of vitellogenin synthesis in the liver, liver somatic index (LSI) rose from 1.25 to 2.00 in 14 days. Associated with the increase in LSI was an elevation of hepatic vitellogenin mRNA and zinc concentrations. The vitellogenin mRNA concentrations peaked at 7 days after treatment. The zinc concentrations increased to a peak at day 14. MT was analysed by using differential pulse polarography and a rainbow-trout MT RNA probe. The MT mRNA concentrations rose after 14 days and remained elevated at 21 and 28 days. The MT concentrations increased after 14 days and remained elevated throughout the experimental period. The concentrations of MT-bound zinc increased in association with the elevation in MT concentrations in the oestradiol-treated rainbow trout. These findings indicate that MT is involved in the regulation of zinc during the period of vitellogenin induction and that MT may function by maintaining the pool of available zinc at an appropriate concentration.

ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION IN A FIELD POPULATION OF A MACROPODID MARSUPIAL (SETONIX BRACHYURUS, QUOY AND GAIMARD)

1979 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. MILLER ◽  
S. D. BRADSHAW
Keyword(s):  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Adrenocortical Function ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Hot Dry Season ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

SUMMARY Concentrations of corticosteroids and aldosterone have been measured in the plasma and related to the maximum cortisol binding capacity, to the concentration of sodium and potassium of the plasma and to the condition of the animals, in a natural population of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus, Quoy & Gaimard) on Rottnest Island, Western Australia. A marked population in one area has been repetitively sampled at approximately 6 week intervals over a period of 2 years. Animals were found to be in significantly better condition during the hot–dry season. Their plasma concentrations of corticosteroids, 1·09 ± 0·11 (s.e.m.) and 1·47 ± 0·14 μg/100 ml and their plasma sodium concentrations, 147 ± 0·87 and 142 ± 1·17 mequiv./l, for the hot–dry and cold–wet seasons respectively, were both significantly different (P < 0·05). Plasma concentrations of aldosterone were 8·40 ± 0·57 and 7·06 ± 0·53 ng/100 ml for the hot–dry and cold–wet seasons. The level of aldosterone fell to levels comparable to those found in salt-replete laboratory animals only during the month of July. In the laboratory, salt deprivation resulted in a significant rise in the concentration of plasma aldosterone, 2·33 ± 0·57 (s.e.m.) ng/100 ml when salt-replete and 16·95 ± 2·74 ng/ 100 ml when salt-deprived (P< 0·001). Total plasma corticosteroid levels were unaffected by changes in the sodium content of the diet. Injections of ACTH at a rate of 2 i.u./kg caused a significant rise in the levels of plasma corticosteroids which were essentially identical in both high- and low-condition animals. Body temperature fell to a significantly lower level in low-condition animals held in cages after injection of ACTH. These results indicate that the seasonal mortality of the quokka on Rottnest Island does not result from any breakdown in adrenal function, despite a substantial decline in the condition of the animals.

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