PROSTAGLANDINS IN THE PLASMA AND AMNIOTIC FLUID OF RHESUS MONKEYS DURING PREGNANCY AND AFTER INTRA-UTERINE FOETAL DEATH

1976 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. MITCHELL ◽  
J. E. PATRICK ◽  
J. S. ROBINSON ◽  
G. D. THORBURN ◽  
J. R. G. CHALLIS
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Foetal Death ◽  
Peripheral Vein ◽  
Normal Term ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
Venous Plasma

SUMMARY Prostaglandin F (PGF) was measured in amniotic fluid, and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α (PGFM) was measured in maternal peripheral venous plasma and amniotic fluid of rhesus monkeys during late pregnancy. 13,14-Dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α was determined in the maternal peripheral venous plasma of two animals following intrauterine foetal death. The mean concentration of PGF and PGFM in amniotic fluid increased fourfold during the last 5 days of pregnancy. This increase was associated with an increase in the oestrone concentration in amniotic fluid and in maternal plasma. In normal pregnancy there was no increase in PGFM levels in the maternal peripheral vein, up to 1–2 days pre partum. After intra-uterine death, progesterone concentration in the maternal peripheral vein was unaltered, but oestrone and oestradiol declined. In plasma samples taken within 12 h of delivery, the concentration of PGFM was raised. It is concluded that an increase in prostaglandin production accompanies delivery at normal term, and at delivery past term following intra-uterine foetal death.

THE CONCENTRATION OF PROSTAGLANDIN F2α IN MATERNAL PLASMA, FOETAL PLASMA AND AMNIOTIC FLUID DURING PREGNANCY IN WOMEN

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Johnson ◽  
P. A. Manning ◽  
J. F. Hennam ◽  
J. R. Newton ◽  
W. P. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Prostaglandin F2α ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Uterine Contractions ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
Serial Samples ◽  
Considerable Individual Variation ◽  
Venous Plasma

ABSTRACT The concentration of prostaglandin F2α has been determined in serial samples of peripheral venous plasma from women at defined times during labour, and studied in detail throughout two consecutive uterine contractions. In addition, the same compound has been measured in single samples of uterine venous plasma, cord venous plasma, and amniotic fluid in groups of patients during early and late pregnancy, labour and at delivery of the baby. The results from the analysis of peripheral venous plasma show that there is considerable individual variation in the concentration of prostaglandin F2α during labour (mean ± sd, 33.1 ± 11.6 pg/ml). However, it is not possible to establish a definite correlation with either the latent or accelerated phases or with the time of delivery. Furthermore, there is no apparent temporal relationship between the concentrations in peripheral venous plasma and the contractile state of the uterus as assessed by external tocography. In early pregnancy (16th to 20th week) the concentration of prostaglandin F2α (pg/ml, mean ± sd) in peripheral venous plasma is 26.3 ± 4.3 and in amniotic fluid 32.7 ± 26.5. At the 36th week to the start of labour the corresponding values are 27.1 ± 8.1 and 110.0 ± 73.8. At the same time the levels in cord plasma and uterine venous plasma are 100.4 ± 74.9 and 87.9 ± 55.0 respectively. During labour there is a significant increase (P < 0.005, Student's t-test) in the concentration in amniotic fluid (335.1 ± 171.0). The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of prostaglandin F2α in the process of parturition.

FOETAL AND MATERNAL PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF 13,14-DIHYDRO-15-OXO-PROSTAGLANDIN F IN THE MARE DURING LATE PREGNANCY AND AT PARTURITION

1978 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BARNES ◽  
R. S. COMLINE ◽  
L. B. JEFFCOTT ◽  
M. D. MITCHELL ◽  
P. D. ROSSDALE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Premature Delivery ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
Venous Plasma

SUMMARY The concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin F (PGFM), the stable metabolite of prostaglandin F, were measured in the plasma of catheterized mares and foetuses and non-catheterized thoroughbred mares and ponies during the last months of gestation. The plasma concentration of PGFM increased gradually towards term in all groups of animals. During the operation for insertion of catheters, maternal and foetal concentrations of PGFM were high, but the values fell to basal levels 24–48 h after the operation. It was found that preoperative starvation (24 h) led to a rise in the concentration oef PGFM in th maternal plasma. The raised concentrations of PGFM during the operation were associated with low progestogen and high oestrogen concentrations in umbilical venous plasma. The subsequent survival period of the catheterized foal was inversely related to the maximum concentration of PGFM attained during the operation. Changes in the plasma concentration of PGFM were studied during normal parturition in thoroughbred mares, during oxytocin-induced delivery in non-catheterized ponies and during premature delivery or abortion in the catheterized animals. The greatest increase in the concentration of PGFM was seen in the thoroughbred animals during second-stage labour; oxytocin also resulted in a very rapid rise in the level of PGFM, which remained high until delivery. In the catheterized animals, the birth of live foetuses was associated with a rise in the concentration of PGFM in both foetal and maternal plasma during the last 2 h before delivery. Less consistent changes were found during abortion.

PROSTAGLANDIN E, THROMBOXANE B2 AND 6-OXO-PROSTAGLANDIN F1α IN AMNIOTIC FLUID AND MATERNAL PLASMA OF RHESUS MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA) DURING THE LATTER THIRD OF GESTATION

1979 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. ROBINSON ◽  
R. NATALE ◽  
L. CLOVER ◽  
M. D. MITCHELL
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Thromboxane B2 ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
Serial Samples

The concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE), thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1α (6-oxo-PGF1α) were measured by radioimmunoassay in serial samples of amniotic fluid and maternal peripheral plasma in the latter third of pregnancy in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The samples were collected under ketamine-induced anaesthesia. The concentration of PGE was undetectable in amniotic fluid until a few days before delivery when a large increase was observed in three of the five animals. There were small increases of TXB2 and 6-oxo-PGF1α in amniotic fluid before delivery. In maternal plasma the concentrations of PGE, TXB2 and 6-oxo-PGF1α were generally higher and more variable than in amniotic fluid and did not increase with advancing gestation. It is suggested that increased production of primary prostaglandins occurs before, and is involved in, the onset of parturition in the rhesus monkey.

STEROIDS IN THE AMNIOTIC FLUID OF THE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA)

1977 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. G. CHALLIS ◽  
PHILLIDA HARTLEY ◽  
P. JOHNSON ◽  
J. E. PATRICK ◽  
J. S. ROBINSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Steroid Secretion ◽  
Adrenal Steroid ◽  
Oestrone Sulphate

SUMMARY Representative C21, C19 and C18 steroids have been measured in the amniotic fluid and maternal femoral plasma of rhesus monkeys during the last 50 days of pregnancy. The concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, androstenedione, oestrone and oestrone sulphate all increased in amniotic fluid before spontaneous parturition. In contrast, amniotic fluid oestradiol levels remained low and unchanged, and were always less than the concentrations in the maternal plasma. The changes in progesterone, cortisol and oestrone concentrations in amniotic fluid occurred independently of significant changes in the concentration of these steroids in the maternal plasma. Betamethasone administered to monkeys after day 150 of pregnancy suppressed amniotic fluid and maternal plasma cortisol. This treatment markedly suppressed the concentration of progesterone in amniotic fluid, but did not alter its concentration in maternal plasma. It is concluded that during late pregnancy in the rhesus monkey there is an increase in the concentration of some steroids in amniotic fluid independent of alterations in their concentrations in maternal plasma. These changes could reflect an increase in foetal adrenal steroid secretion.

INTRA-UTERINE TISSUES FROM LATE-PREGNANT RHESUS MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA) PRODUCE 6-OXO-PROSTAGLANDIN F1α IN VITRO

1979 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. MITCHELL ◽  
B. R. HICKS ◽  
G. D. THORBURN ◽  
J. S. ROBINSON
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Decidua Basalis ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
Near Term

The rates of production of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1α (6-oxo-PGF1α) in vitro by intra-uterine tissues taken from late-pregnant monkeys at Caesarean section have been determined. For tissues obtained between days 140 and 149 of pregnancy (late pregnancy) the general quantitative order of rates of production (per unit weight) was decidua basalis> placenta > decidua parietalis>amnion>chorion = myometrium. When tissues were taken between days 160 and 168 of pregnancy (near term) this order was placenta > decidua parietalis = amnion> myometrium = decidua basalis > chorion. There was a significant reduction near term in the rate of production of 6-oxo-PGF1α by decidua basalis; all other tissues exhibited similar rates of production at the two gestational periods investigated.

DISULPHATES OF NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN THE AMNIOTIC FLUID FROM ANENCEPHALIC PREGNANCIES

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LUUKKAINEN ◽  
E. A. MICHIE ◽  
R. VIHKO
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Human Bile ◽  
Normal Term ◽  
Pregnancy Urine

SUMMARY Steroid disulphate fractions were obtained by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 from samples of amniotic fluid from three pregnancies complicated by anencephaly. Several of the steroids with a 3β-hydroxy-5-ene structure found in normal amniotic fluid could not be detected. 5-Androstene-3β,17α-diol, the main steroid disulphate in normal amniotic fluid was present in concentrations of <5% of the values at normal term. The disulphates of neutral steroids found in highest concentrations in the amniotic fluid of anencephalic pregnancies were those of isomeric pregnanediols; 5α-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, 5α-pregnane-3β,20α-diol and 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol. The quantities of these metabolites of progesterone in the amniotic fluid of anencephalic pregnancies were similar to those in normal pregnancies. A saturated 18-hydroxylated C19 steroid, most probably 3α,18-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, was identified by gas—liquid chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Although this compound has been previously identified in human bile and in normal pregnancy urine, this appears to be the first identification of a saturated C19 steroid in amniotic fluid.

Immunoreactive β-endorphin/lipotrophin in the chronically cannulated ovine foetus: response to bilateral foetal adrenalectomy

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 612-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Hennessy ◽  
K. J. Hardy ◽  
M. E. Quigley ◽  
E. Marelyn Wintour ◽  
S. S. C. Yen
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Feedback Systems ◽  
Foetal Death ◽  
Glucocorticoid Treatment ◽  
Feedback Control Systems

Abstract. Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) is derived from a 'stem' hormone of approximately 31 000 daltons. In man, cleavage of this hormone can produce equimolar amounts of ACTH and β-lipotrophin (β-LPH) in the plasma. Further cleavage of β-LPH in either the pituitary or plasma can release β-endorphin (β-EP). The plasma concentrations of both ACTH and β-EP can be increased by stressful stimuli, adrenalectomy, pituitary-adrenal disorders, or decreased with glucocorticoid treatment. This study investigated the presence of β-EP/LPH in the intact and adrenalectomized (adrX) ovine foetus. Three ovine foetuses were bilaterally adrX at the time of implantation of cannulae into the carotid artery and jugular vein (106–120 days gestation). The foetuses of 9 ewes were chronically cannulated (95–115 days gestation) to serve as controls. Gestation length was 147 ± 5 days. Plasma β-EP/LPH was measured using a heterologous modification of a human β-EP RIA. The assay system had molar cross-reactivity of about 20% with ovine β-LPH, thus results are expressed as β-EP/LPH-like immunoreactivity (IR-β-EP/LPH). In the intact unstressed foetus the plasma IR-β-EP/LPH concentration was relatively constant throughout gestation 228.9 ± 12.0 pg/ml (mean ± sem, n = 35) except for the last 48 h prior to either parturition, abortion or in utero foetal death when concentrations were seen to rise to 357 ± 56.8 pg/ml (n = 10) in 5 out of 6 sheep. During gestation the IR-β-EP/LPH in amniotic fluid was less than in foetal plasma the mean being 130.5 ± 14.8 (n = 10). IR-β-EP/LPH in maternal plasma was similar to that in foetal plasma. In the adrX foetus data has been arbitrarily divided into 3 age groups 90–121, 122–135 and > 136 days gestation, the IR-β-EP/LPH concentrations being 202.7 ± 16.3 (n = 9), 404.6 ± 54.8 (n = 13) and 2566 ± 681 (n = 5) pg/ml, respectively. The elevated IR-β-EP/LPH seen after 122 days does not appear to be reflected in either foetal urine or amniotic fluid. It can be suggested that the pituitary feedback systems controlling both IR-ACTH and IR-β-EP/LPH start to mature or change after 122 days gestation. In summary these findings show the presence of an immunoassayable substance with β-EP/LPH-like reactivity in the plasma of the ovine foetus, and that this IR-β-EP/LPH can often increase prior to parturition, abortion of foetal death. After 122 days gestation IR-β-EP/LPH increases in adrX foetuses, suggesting that after this time feedback control systems with some product of the foetal adrenal first begin to appear.

FOETAL AND MATERNAL PLASMA LEVELS OF STEROID SULPHATES IN HUMAN PREGNANCY AT TERM

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Laatikainen ◽  
J. Peltonen
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Peripheral Vein ◽  
Neutral Steroid ◽  
Arterial Plasma ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method ◽  
Arteriovenous Difference ◽  
Venous Plasma

ABSTRACT Umbilical cord arterial and venous, and maternal peripheral vein blood samples were collected during 20 deliveries after uncomplicated pregnancies. Using a gas chromatographic method, oestriol, oestriol sulphate, progesterone and a number of neutral steroid mono- and disulphates were quantitated in the cord plasma samples and a number of neutral steroid mono- and disulphates in the maternal plasma samples. The cord venous and arterial plasma levels were compared. Higher concentrations of progesterone and unconjugated oestriol were found in the cord venous plasma. Their mean arteriovenous differences were 40 and 12 μg/100 ml of plasma, respectively. The levels of several steroid monosulphates were higher in cord arterial plasma. The following mean arteriovenous differences were calculated (μg/100 ml): pregnenolone 58, 16α-hydroxypregnenolone 36, 5-pregnene-3β,20α,21-triol 12, dehydroepiandrosterone 42, 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone + 3β,1 7β-dihydroxy5-androsten-16-one 82, 5-androstene-3β,16α,17β-triol 6, oestriol 29, and for the total pregnanediol mono- and disulphates 20. These results demonstrate that large amounts of steroid monosulphates are secreted by the foetus at term. The levels of individual steroid disulphates examined did not reveal any statistically significant arteriovenous differences. The arteriovenous difference for oestriol sulphate was found to be larger than the venous-arterial difference for unconjugated oestriol indicating that in addition to the unconjugated oestriol of placental origin there are also other precursors of oestriol sulphate. The correlation between the foetal and maternal plasma levels of the steroid sulphates was investigated. A positive correlation was found, for example, between the cord arterial and maternal plasma levels of 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone monosulphate and between the maternal and cord venous plasma levels of 5α-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, and 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol disulphates.

INFLUENCE OF OOPHORECTOMY, LUTEECTOMY, FOETAL DEATH AND DEXAMETHASONE ON THE PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE IN THE PREGNANT MACACA MULATTA

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. K. Bosu ◽  
E. D. B. Johansson ◽  
C. Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Relative Influence ◽  
Foetal Death ◽  
Bilateral Oophorectomy ◽  
Peripheral Plasma

ABSTRACT The influence of bilateral oophorectomy, luteectomy, dexamethasone injections and foetal death on the peripheral plasma levels of oestrogens1) and progesterone was studied in pregnant rhesus monkeys. After bilateral oophorectomy and luteectomy, pregnancy proceeded normally and the plasma levels of oestrogens and progesterone attained levels similar to those in intact monkeys, but the progesterone levels after parturition were comparatively lower. Dexamethasone injections into pregnant monkeys had no deleterious effect on the outcome of gestation. Abrupt and dramatic decreases in total oestrogens, oestrone and oestradiol levels occurred during dexamethasone injections into intact and oophorectomized pregnant monkeys but no significant changes in progesterone levels in plasma were observed. Spontaneous intra-uterine foetal death was accompanied by decrease in oestrogens, but no changes in the plasma levels of progesterone. In experimentally induced foetal death, the oestrogen and progesterone levels in plasma decreased prior to abortion. These data demonstrate the relative influence of the ovaries, adrenals and the placenta on the maternal plasma levels of oestrogens and progesterone in the pregnant rhesus monkey.

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