scholarly journals Manipulating interword and interletter spacing in cursive script: An eye movements investigation of reading Persian

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehab W. Hermena
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Reading Rate ◽  
Word Boundary ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Interword Space ◽  
Cursive Script ◽  
Boundary Information

Persian is an Indo-Iranian language that features a derivation of Arabic cursive script, where most letters within words are connectable to adjacent letters with ligatures. Two experiments are reported where the properties of Persian script were utilized to investigate the effects of reducing interword spacing and increasing the interletter distance (ligature) within a word. Experiment 1 revealed that decreasing interword spacing while extending interletter ligature by the same amount was detrimental to reading speed. Experiment 2 largely replicated these findings. The experiments show that providing the readers with inaccurate word boundary information is detrimental to reading rate. This was achieved by reducing the interword space that follows letters that do not connect to the next letter in Experiment 1, and replacing the interword space with ligature that connected the words in Experiment 2. In both experiments, readers were able to comprehend the text read, despite the considerable costs to reading rates in the experimental conditions.

Alternating-color words facilitate reading and eye movements among second-language learners of Chinese

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-699
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Wanwen Ye ◽  
Ming Yan
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Word Segmentation ◽  
Word Boundary ◽  
Fixation Location ◽  
Reading Efficiency ◽  
Boundary Information

AbstractThe present study investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) in a Chinese sentence would facilitate the reading of second-language (L2) learners. Thirty-three Korean students were recruited in the eye-movement experiment. Relative to a baseline (i.e., mono-colors) condition, incorrect word segmentation produced closer fixation location toward the beginning of words, longer fixation duration, higher refixation rate, and slower reading speed. In contrast, word segmentation with alternating colors produced further fixation location toward the center of words, shorter fixation duration, lower refixation rate, and faster reading speed. These results indicate that L2 readers are capable of making use of word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, which can result in a facilitation of reading efficiency.

EFFECT OF MONOVISION CONTACT LENSES ON READING EYE MOVEMENTS, READING SPEED AND COMPREHENSION.

2002 ◽  
Vol 79 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
Sandy Johal ◽  
Nazima Sangha ◽  
Bradley Coffey ◽  
Peter Bergenske ◽  
Patrick Caroline
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Reading Speed

Réponses évoquées par les mouvements oculaires d'exploration (réponse lambda): Rôle des afférences intervenant à divers moments du processus oculo-moteur

Perception ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Lesèvre ◽  
A Rémond
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Effects ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Initial Portion ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Black Field ◽  
Fixation Points ◽  
Lambda Response

Experiments are reported the aim of which was to elucidate the cause of each of the components of the lambda response, and particularly to evaluate the role of ‘on’ and ‘off’ visual effects which appear at various times during the oculomotor process and also the possible influence of non-visual mechanisms. Eight subjects with normal sight were studied under the following conditions: (i) horizontal eye movements of 12° were guided by fixation points placed on a dimly-lit uniform black field of 20°; a checkerboard of 6° aperture was placed in this field so as to be integrated into the oculomotor process at different times—at the beginning, during and at the end of the eye movement; (ii) successive horizontal eye movements of 3°, 7° and 11° scanned a checkerboard of 20°, each square of which had a 40′ aperture; (iii) the checkerboard was moved with an amplitude and period similar to those of the eye movements in (ii), but this time with gaze fixed. Horizontal and vertical movements of both eyes were recorded with an EOG. An EEG of the parieto-occipital regions was obtained using eight linked bipolar derivations in line on two montages, median longitudinal and right-left transverse. The EEG and EOG data were digitalized and a numerical programme of waveform recognition was used to identify the beginning of the saccade which triggers the averaging out of the EEG before (100 ms) and after (500 ms) the eye movement. A discussion of the results, taking into account the latency of the different components and their reinforcements or inhibition depending on experimental conditions, suggests that the two initial components of lambda response (including the initial portion of the classical lambda wave) might be due to visual effects (‘off effect’) that arise at the start of the movement or slightly before it at the time that the saccadic suppression begins. The later components could be attributed to visual effects brought into play towards the end of the movement (‘on effect’), when perception becomes normal again. It is, however, difficult to explain some of the results related to the amplitude of lambda components without bringing in a mechanism of non-visual origin (corollary discharge).

Does Inverting Text Improve Reading Performance in Homonymous Hemianopes?

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
M R Baker ◽  
J Henderson ◽  
A Hill
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Sensory Level ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
The Right

Anecdotal information from rehabilitation practice of reading performance and low-vision practice suggests that where right homonymous parafoveal field loss impairs reading at the visual-sensory level, an improvement in reading speed can be achieved by inverting the text. This is because whilst left-field loss is considered to impair return eye movements to the beginning of a line, right-field loss is considered to reduce the spatial size of the perceptual window and increase its temporal extent by prolonging fixations times, reducing the amplitudes of saccades to the right, and introducing frequent regressive saccades. Inverting the text was thought to reverse these effects as the leading edge of the perceptual window is ‘returned’ to the sighted field so that in-line saccades can be visually guided. Here we report that this does not appear to be the case. In our study we measured the eye movements of patients with right homonymous hemianopia and others with peripheral loss due to retinitis pigmentosa as well as normal controls using an infrared video eye-tracker. All groups display a similar proportional prolongation of fixations times, reduction of saccadic amplitude, and proportion of regressive saccades when asked to read inverted text, which suggests a cognitive component of impairment independent of visual field loss in right homonymous hemianopes.

Reading with Visual Field Defects

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 11-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Trauzettel-Klosinski
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Visual Field Defects ◽  
Video Tape ◽  
Field Defects

The influence of different visual field defects on the reading performance was examined with potential adaptive strategies to improve the reading process in mind. By means of an SLO, the retinal fixation locus (RFL) was determined with the use of single targets and text, and eye movements scanning the text were recorded on video tape. Additionally, eye movements were monitored by an Infrared Limbus Tracker. Visual fields were assessed by the Tübingen Manual and/or automatic perimetry. Normal subjects, and patients with central scotomata, ring scotomata, and hemianopic field defects (HFD) were examined. The main pathological reading parameters were an increase of saccade frequency and regressions per line, and a decrease of reading speed. In patients with field defects involving the visual field centre, fixation behaviour is significant for regaining reading ability. In absolute central scotoma, the lost foveal function promotes eccentric fixation. The remaining problem is insufficient resolution of the RFL, which can be compensated for by magnification of the text. In patients with insufficient size of their reading visual field, due to HFD and ring scotoma, it is crucial that they learn to use a new RFL despite intact foveolar function. Preconditions for reading have been found to be: (1) sufficient resolution of the RFL, (2) a reading visual field of a minimum extent, and (3) intact basic oculomotor function. In patients with visual field defects involving the centre, a sensory-motor adaptation process is required: the use of a new RFL as the new centre of the visual field and as the new zero point for eye-movement coordinates.

Saccadic Eye Movements as a Measure of the Effect of Low Vision Rehabilitation on Reading Rate

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 506-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY T. MCMAHON ◽  
MITCHEL HANSEN ◽  
JOAN STELMACK ◽  
RAM OLIVER ◽  
MARLOS A. G. VIANA
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Reading Rate ◽  
Low Vision Rehabilitation ◽  
Vision Rehabilitation

scholarly journals Reading Speed, Comprehension and Eye Movements While Reading Japanese Novels: Evidence from Untrained Readers and Cases of Speed-Reading Trainees

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. e36091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromitsu Miyata ◽  
Yasuyo Minagawa-Kawai ◽  
Shigeru Watanabe ◽  
Toyofumi Sasaki ◽  
Kazuhiro Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Speed Reading

scholarly journals Spontaneous eye-movements during eyes-open rest reduce resting-state-network modularity by increasing visual-sensorimotor connectivity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-39
Author(s):  
Cemal Koba ◽  
Giuseppe Notaro ◽  
Sandra Tamm ◽  
Gustav Nilsonne ◽  
Uri Hasson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Planar Imaging ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Eyes Open

During wakeful rest, individuals make small eye movements during fixation. We examined how these endogenously-driven oculomotor patterns impact topography and topology of functional brain networks. We used a dataset consisting of eyes-open resting-state (RS) fMRI data with simultaneous eye-tracking (Nilsonne et al., 2016). The eye-tracking data indicated minor movements during rest, which correlated modestly with RS BOLD data. However, eye-tracking data correlated well with echo-planar imaging time series sampled from the area of the Eye-Orbit (EO-EPI), which is a signal previously used to identify eye movements during exogenous saccades and movie viewing. Further analyses showed that EO-EPI data were correlated with activity in an extensive motor and sensory-motor network, including components of the dorsal attention network and the frontal eye fields. Partialling out variance related to EO-EPI from RS data reduced connectivity, primarily between sensory-motor and visual areas. It also produced networks with higher modularity, lower mean connectivity strength, and lower mean clustering coefficient. Our results highlight new aspects of endogenous eye movement control during wakeful rest. They show that oculomotor-related contributions form an important component of RS network topology, and that those should be considered in interpreting differences in network structure between populations, or as a function of different experimental conditions.

ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY BASED READING SPEED ANALYSIS AS AN ASSISTIVE TOOL

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 1550016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwesha Banerjee ◽  
Shreyasi Datta ◽  
Monalisa Pal ◽  
D. N. Tibarewala ◽  
Amit Konar
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Misclassification Rate ◽  
Interactive System ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Signal Features ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Tree Classifier

Dyslexia is a well-known reading disorder that involves difficulty in fluent reading, decoding and processing of words despite adequate intelligence. It is common that the reading speed of dyslexic patients is lower than their normal counterparts, because of slow letter and word processing. Eye movements in dyslexic patients are significantly different from that of normal individuals, in terms of the presence of frequent fixations and stares in the former. This work proposes a Human Computer Interactive system to assist individuals having low reading speed to increase their reading speed by the analysis of eye movements. Eye movement data for different reading speeds is recorded using a laboratory developed Electrooculogram acquisition system. From the data, Adaptive Autoregressive (AAR) parameters, Band Power Estimates and Wavelet Coefficients are extracted as signal features. Reading speeds are classified using different pattern classifiers from which an average accuracy of 94.67% over all classes and participants is obtained using Radial Basis Function (RBF) Support Vector Machine (SVM) Tree classifier and AAR Parameters as features. Friedman test is done to select the best classifier. The trained classifier is used to recognize the reading speeds of a set of new normal individuals. If the reading speeds are less than a preset threshold, that individual is trained repeatedly for 10 days for improvement. An improvement of reading speed is observed by the decrease in the misclassification rate from 45.1% to 9.92% in 10 days for the fastest speed (1 sentence/2 s) over all the subjects. This work is carried out on healthy individuals. However, the results reveal that the proposed system may also be used for training and assisting children with dyslexia or other similar reading disabilities children.

scholarly journals Individuals with dyslexia use a different visual sampling strategy to read text

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Léon Franzen ◽  
Zoey Stark ◽  
Aaron P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
Written Information ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading ◽  
Cognitive Processing Speed

AbstractIndividuals with dyslexia present with reading-related deficits including inaccurate and/or less fluent word recognition and poor decoding abilities. Slow reading speed and worse text comprehension can occur as secondary consequences of these deficits. Reports of visual symptoms such as atypical eye movements during reading gave rise to a search for these deficits’ underlying mechanisms. This study sought to replicate established behavioral deficits in reading and cognitive processing speed while investigating their underlying mechanisms in more detail by developing a comprehensive profile of eye movements specific to reading in adult dyslexia. Using a validated standardized reading assessment, our findings confirm a reading speed deficit among adults with dyslexia. We observed different eye movements in readers with dyslexia across numerous eye movement metrics including the duration of a stop (i.e., fixation), the length of jumps (i.e., saccades), and the number of times a reader’s eyes expressed a jump atypical for reading. We conclude that individuals with dyslexia visually sample written information in a laborious and more effortful manner that is fundamentally different from those without dyslexia. Our findings suggest a mix of aberrant cognitive linguistic and oculomotor processes being present in adults with dyslexia.

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