scholarly journals Interaction of rail steel melt with refractory lining

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 484-487
Author(s):  
A. М. Grigor’ev ◽  
K. V. Grigorovich ◽  
А. Yu. Em ◽  
A. O. Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Rail Steel ◽  
Refractory Lining ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Aluminum Oxides ◽  
Domestic Enterprise ◽  
Steel Making ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Fractional Gas Analysis ◽  
Steel Grades ◽  
Steel Properties

The rail steel properties are adversely affected by rigid non-metallic inclusions, containing aluminum oxides. Therefore, aluminum content is limited to 0.004 % wt. in rail steel grades. Aluminum can get into steel from charge materials and refractory lining. In this work, we’ve analyzed how the chemical composition of refractories used in rail steel making influence steel quality on example of one domestic enterprise. To determine the main types of non-metallic inclusions created in E76F rail steels, we have performed fractional gas analysis of the samples taken in various process steps. It was found that the slag composition after degassing changes insignificantly, while the most part of non-metallic inclusions in rail steel is represented by aluminates.

Characterization of Non-Metallic Inclusions in API Steel Grades Using Automated Energy Dispersive X-Ray

2018 ◽  
Vol 916 ◽  
pp. 217-220
Author(s):  
Masoud Al-Gahtani ◽  
Sunilkumar Pillai ◽  
Ahmad Al-Raddadi
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Composition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Steel Making ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Hydrogen Induced Cracking ◽  
Steel Processing ◽  
Steel Grades ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
Scanning Electron

Non-metallic inclusions in API steel grades deteriorate steels’ mechanical properties and their resistance to hydrogen induced cracking. The formation and evolution of inclusion during liquid steel processing was investigated by analyzing samples taken from different stages of the steel making process in API X52 and X60 steel grades. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with automated feature EDX analyzer (INCAF 250) was used to identify each inclusion in terms of its size, area and composition. It was found that non-metallic inclusions in API X52 and X60 grades from steelmaking and casting samples were mainly Al2O3, Ca–Al and Ca-Mg-Al. In this work changes in inclusion composition, size and area fraction from ladle processing to casting were mapped and this information was used to improve steel cleanness and product quality.

scholarly journals CONTENT MODIFICATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF NONMETALLIC INCLUSIONS DURING LOW-CARBON IF STEEL LADLE TREATMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Gorkusha ◽  
K. V. Grigorovich ◽  
A. V. Karasev ◽  
O. A. Komolova
Keyword(s):  
Nonmetallic Inclusions ◽  
Ladle Treatment ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Steel Ladle ◽  
Interstitial Free ◽  
If Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Fractional Gas Analysis

Development of advanced materials for the automotive industry allows us to produce a lighter body without losing strength characteristics of the structure. It became possible by the creation and subsequent introduction into the production of such steel grades as IF (Interstitial Free) – steel with no interstitial solute atoms to strain the solid iron lattice and IF-BH (Bake Hardening) – steel with hardening during hot drying. The article provides a brief overview of the history of the emergence of IF steel and the current situation in the production of it in Russia. One of the quality criteria for steels of IF grades is purity of the metal by non-metallic inclusions (NMI), which negatively affect the plastic properties of the material, lead to the formation of surface defects of flat rolled products and reduce the manufacturability due to a decrease in the casting speed of steel, as they cause overgrowing of steel casting nozzles. The article presents investigation results of the content, composition, size and morphology of non-metallic inclusions (NMI) in the metal samples taken at all stages of ladle treatment and casting of IF steel grade production using quantitative metallographic analysis, electrochemical dissolution (ED) followed by X-ray microanalysis of isolated inclusions, Auger electron spectroscopy and fractional gas analysis (FGA). As a result of the analysis of inclusions in the studied samples using a scanning electron microscope, according to morphological features, five characteristic types of inclusions were identified, which reduce the performance properties and strength cha racteristics of the materials produced from them. Results of the analysis of nonmetallic inclusions in metal samples obtained by the ED method are in good agreement with the results of the determination of oxide nonmetallic inclusions by the FGA method. The method of fractional gas analysis shows the dynamics of changes in the content of various types of oxide nonmetallic inclusions during the secondary (ladle) treatment of steel. It is shown that application of the FGA method allows to make analysis of causes of the harmful NMI formation in the metal and to correct operations at ladle treatment.

scholarly journals Database Clustering after Automatic Feature Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1650
Author(s):  
Andrey Zhitenev ◽  
Maria Salynova ◽  
Alexey Shamshurin ◽  
Sergey Ryaboshuk ◽  
Vladislav Kolnyshenko
Keyword(s):  
Nonmetallic Inclusions ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Feature Analysis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Fractional Gas Analysis ◽  
Database Clustering ◽  
Real Composition

Non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) in steel have a negative impact on the properties of steel, so the problem of producing clean steels is actual. The existing metallographic methods for evaluating and analyzing nonmetallic inclusions make it possible to determine the composition and type of NMIs, but do not determine their real composition. The analysis of single NMIs using scanning electron microscope (SEM), fractional gas analysis (FGA), or electrolytic extraction (EE) of NMIs is too complicated. Therefore, in this work, a technique based on the automatic feature analysis (AFA) of a large number of particles by SEM was used. This method allows to obtain statistically reliable information about the amount, composition, and size of NMIs. To analyze the obtained databases of compositions and sizes of NMIs, clustering was carried out by the hierarchical method by constructing tree diagrams, as well as by the k-means method. This made it possible to identify the groups of NMIs of similar chemical composition (clusters) in the steel and to compare them with specific stages of the steelmaking process. Using this method, samples of steels produced at different steel plants and using different technologies were studied. The analysis of the features of melting of each steel is carried out and the features of the formation of NMIs in each considered case are revealed. It is shown that in all the studied samples of different steels, produced at different steel plants, similar clusters of NMIs were found. Due to this, the proposed method can become the basis for creating a modern universal classification of NMIs, which adequately describes the current state of steelmaking.

scholarly journals Application of Some Modern Analytical Techniques for Characterization of Non-Metallic Inclusions in a Fe-10mass%Ni Alloy Deoxidized by Ti/Zr and Ti/Mg

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Karasev ◽  
Dmitry Gorkusha ◽  
Konstantin V. Grigorovich ◽  
Pär G. Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Electrolytic Extraction ◽  
Oxide Inclusions ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Ni Alloy ◽  
Fractional Gas Analysis ◽  
Mg Addition ◽  
Modern Analytical

In this study, a complete and comprehensive analysis of non-metallic inclusions (NMI) in an Fe-10%Ni alloy was done by using two modern analytical methods that complement each other: Electrolytic Extraction (EE) of inclusions from metal samples followed by investigations by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fractional Gas Analysis (FGA). The composition, morphology, size and number of different NMIs and clusters were investigated in metal samples taken after deoxidation by additions of Ti, Ti/Zr and Ti/Mg. The obtained results were discussed with respect to formation, modification and removal of NMIs and clusters depending on the type of deoxidations and the holding time. It was found that the peaks of oxygen reduced from different oxide inclusions obtained by the FGA measurements corresponded well to the main types of inclusions and clusters observed by using the EE + SEM method. More specifically, the total O content in oxide inclusions (ONMI) increases by 10% after a Zr addition and then decreases linearly by 40% during 5 min of holding due to flotation of NMIs and clusters. However, after a Mg addition in the melt deoxidized by Ti, the ONMI content decreases drastically by 63% during 5 min of holding, due to a fast floatation of NMIs caused by bubbles of vaporized Mg.

scholarly journals Research of non-metallic inclusions of E90KhAF rail steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 866 ◽  
pp. 012014
Author(s):  
A S Simachev ◽  
T N Oskolkova ◽  
A A Umansky
Keyword(s):  
Rail Steel ◽  
Metallic Inclusions

Effect of Steel Making Slag on Castability of Medium Carbon Re-Sulfur Steel Grades

2012 ◽  
Vol 585 ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ashok ◽  
J. Venkatesan ◽  
P.G. Venkatakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Casting ◽  
Liquid Steel ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Submerged Entry Nozzle ◽  
Steel Mill ◽  
Cored Wire ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Steel Making ◽  
Steel Maker ◽  
Steel Grades

Abstract. One of the everlasting problems existing in alloy steel plant is clogging of Submerged Entry Nozzle(SEN) due to accumulation of De-oxidized/Re-oxidized products while casting Medium Carbon Re-Sulfur Steel grades(forging grades).After complete De-sulphurization and De-oxidation, liquid steel have been subjected to Ca-treatment which promote deep De-oxidation and deep De-sulphurization in addition to inclusion morphology control. Finally liquid steel have been injected with sulfur cored wire for chemistry requirement of 0.02-0.035%. All these conditions encourage thermodynamically favorable conditions for formation of various combination of oxide and sulphide inclusions which are highly detrimental to castability in continuous casting of integrated steel mill. This becomes one of the major process interruptions which directly terminate production capacity day by day and also affects the quality of cast product. As well said before “Best Slag Maker Is Best Steel Maker”, we mainly focused on secondary steel making slag at different stages, and found the relation of castability with respect to slag behavior. We arrived at optimal slag nature for better castability in continuous casting of steel.

Modeling and Optimization for Steel Grade Selection Based on Hierarchical Genetic Algorithm

2012 ◽  
Vol 505 ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Jian Yi ◽  
Bin Du ◽  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Yun Lin ◽  
Ke Wei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Steel Grade ◽  
Reasonable Time ◽  
Steel Making ◽  
Steel Grades ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Hierarchical Genetic Algorithm

In steel-making process, when a furnace is charged, there are many optional steel grades for each slab. It is a difficult problem to select the appropriate steel grade for each slab. In this paper, based on the analysis of technics constraints in steel-making process, the steel grade intensivism problem is described, and the mathematical model is also established. To solve the above problem, a newly designed hierarchical genetic algorithm is proposed, where the hierarchical manner is used to decrease the solution space. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated by a simulation. The optimal solution can be obtained in reasonable time, which will be helpful to decrease the scraps between two steel grades while casting, to decrease the sum of surplus, and eventually to cut down the stock.

scholarly journals Effect of non-metallic inclusions of rail steel on welded joint formation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.I. Kuchuk-Yatsenko ◽  
◽  
V.I. Shvets ◽  
A.V. Didkovsky ◽  
E.V. Antipin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Welded Joint ◽  
Rail Steel ◽  
Joint Formation ◽  
Metallic Inclusions

scholarly journals Optimization of production technologyof continuous cast rail steel for increasing its purity by non-metallic inclusions

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 345-352
Author(s):  
A. M. Grigor’ev ◽  
M. S. Kuznetsov ◽  
D. S. Shepelev ◽  
E. M. Alekseev ◽  
K. V. Grigorovich
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Rail Steel ◽  
Continuous Cast ◽  
Service Characteristics ◽  
Trial Batch ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Carbon Recovery ◽  
Continuously Cast ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Experimental Technology

The purpose of the work was to examine the reasons for formation of non-deformable non-metallic inclusions in rail steel and ways to reduce the rejection of finished rails due to the defects revealed during ultrasonic testing. The study was conducted at the steelmaking plant of JSC “Ural Steel”. In the central laboratory of the combine, a chemical analysis of non-metallic inclusions was carried out in the samples of finished rails produced from blanks manufactured by JSC “Ural Steel” and rejected at the ultrasonic test unit during the rail production at the “Aktobe Rail and Section Works” LLP. Non-metallic inclusions by their composition are represented by aluminium oxides. The most probable reasons for their formation have been determined as following: the use of aluminium containing ferroalloys and interaction of the melt components with refractory materials and casting powder. The authors made analysis of the ferroalloys used in production of rail steel. Industrial trials of the manufacturing process of continuously cast blanks from rail steel were carried out, where FS65 ferrosilicon, which contains aluminium, was replaced with silicon carbide. An increasing degree of silicon and carbon recovery in trial heats was noted. Evaluation of contamination with non-metallic inclusions and mechanical properties of the rail steel manufactured using the experimental technology showed that the service characteristics of the rail steel meet requirements of the state standard GOST R 51685 – 2013. The full-scale experiment has confirmed that the technology of alloying E76F rail steel with silicon carbide at JSC “Ural Steel” is technically feasible. The yield of 100-meter rails was increased by 17 % on a trial batch produced from JSC “Ural Steel” continuously cast blanks.

Analyzing the Features of Non-Metallic Inclusion Distribution in Ø410 mm Continuously Cast Billets of Low Carbon Steel Grades

2019 ◽  
Vol 973 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Mikhail Y. Chubukov ◽  
Dmitriy V. Rutskiy ◽  
Dmitriy P. Uskov
Keyword(s):  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Metallic Inclusion ◽  
Peritectic Steel ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Section Area ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Steel Grades ◽  
Continuously Cast ◽  
Inclusion Distribution

The paper reports findings on the morphology of non-metallic inclusions in low carbon pre-peritectic and peritectic steel grades used for the fabrication of seamless pipes. It is demonstrated that the distribution of non-metallic inclusions over the cross section area of continuously cast billets is of a step-like nature conditioned by the features of billet solidification. In all the steels analyzed the non-metallic inclusions are presented by oxides, sulfides and complex oxi-sulfides not larger than 2 μm.

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