scholarly journals Application of Some Modern Analytical Techniques for Characterization of Non-Metallic Inclusions in a Fe-10mass%Ni Alloy Deoxidized by Ti/Zr and Ti/Mg

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Karasev ◽  
Dmitry Gorkusha ◽  
Konstantin V. Grigorovich ◽  
Pär G. Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Electrolytic Extraction ◽  
Oxide Inclusions ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Ni Alloy ◽  
Fractional Gas Analysis ◽  
Mg Addition ◽  
Modern Analytical

In this study, a complete and comprehensive analysis of non-metallic inclusions (NMI) in an Fe-10%Ni alloy was done by using two modern analytical methods that complement each other: Electrolytic Extraction (EE) of inclusions from metal samples followed by investigations by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fractional Gas Analysis (FGA). The composition, morphology, size and number of different NMIs and clusters were investigated in metal samples taken after deoxidation by additions of Ti, Ti/Zr and Ti/Mg. The obtained results were discussed with respect to formation, modification and removal of NMIs and clusters depending on the type of deoxidations and the holding time. It was found that the peaks of oxygen reduced from different oxide inclusions obtained by the FGA measurements corresponded well to the main types of inclusions and clusters observed by using the EE + SEM method. More specifically, the total O content in oxide inclusions (ONMI) increases by 10% after a Zr addition and then decreases linearly by 40% during 5 min of holding due to flotation of NMIs and clusters. However, after a Mg addition in the melt deoxidized by Ti, the ONMI content decreases drastically by 63% during 5 min of holding, due to a fast floatation of NMIs caused by bubbles of vaporized Mg.

Molecular Characterization of Diesel Fuels Using Modern Analytical Techniques

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
C. S. Hsu ◽  
G. J. Dechert ◽  
D. J. Abbott ◽  
M. W. Genowitz ◽  
R. Barbour
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Modern Analytical

scholarly journals PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EGG SHELL BHASMA BY USING MODERN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 51-53
Author(s):  
Kundan Patil
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Lemon Juice ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Modern Analytical

Calcium is one of the essential elements for living beings. As a supplement, it is used to treat Calcium deficiencies due to a calcium deficient diet. In Rasaratnasamuchchaya Calcium bhasma (Eggshell bhasma) is included as a rich calcium supplement. There is a need for work on the determination of the percentage of Calcium in the eggshell and its limit of acceptance. Easy absorption of bhasma in the body is possible when its preparation is carried out in an acidic medium. Lemon juice is one of the acidic mediums employed for this purpose at pH 2.4. The eggshell powder is subjected to five calcination cycles to convert it into the Bhasma. Analysis of Eggshell Bhasma has been done by various modern analytical techniques to determine its exact chemical compositions. Various instrumental methods like XRD, FTIR, and SEM have been incorporated for analysis of raw materials, intermediates as well as final products. The calcium carbonate present in eggshells is in calcite form. In the present work, structural and chemical characterization of eggshell bhasma was carried out to develop an analytical profile of it.

scholarly journals CONTENT MODIFICATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF NONMETALLIC INCLUSIONS DURING LOW-CARBON IF STEEL LADLE TREATMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Gorkusha ◽  
K. V. Grigorovich ◽  
A. V. Karasev ◽  
O. A. Komolova
Keyword(s):  
Nonmetallic Inclusions ◽  
Ladle Treatment ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Steel Ladle ◽  
Interstitial Free ◽  
If Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Fractional Gas Analysis

Development of advanced materials for the automotive industry allows us to produce a lighter body without losing strength characteristics of the structure. It became possible by the creation and subsequent introduction into the production of such steel grades as IF (Interstitial Free) – steel with no interstitial solute atoms to strain the solid iron lattice and IF-BH (Bake Hardening) – steel with hardening during hot drying. The article provides a brief overview of the history of the emergence of IF steel and the current situation in the production of it in Russia. One of the quality criteria for steels of IF grades is purity of the metal by non-metallic inclusions (NMI), which negatively affect the plastic properties of the material, lead to the formation of surface defects of flat rolled products and reduce the manufacturability due to a decrease in the casting speed of steel, as they cause overgrowing of steel casting nozzles. The article presents investigation results of the content, composition, size and morphology of non-metallic inclusions (NMI) in the metal samples taken at all stages of ladle treatment and casting of IF steel grade production using quantitative metallographic analysis, electrochemical dissolution (ED) followed by X-ray microanalysis of isolated inclusions, Auger electron spectroscopy and fractional gas analysis (FGA). As a result of the analysis of inclusions in the studied samples using a scanning electron microscope, according to morphological features, five characteristic types of inclusions were identified, which reduce the performance properties and strength cha racteristics of the materials produced from them. Results of the analysis of nonmetallic inclusions in metal samples obtained by the ED method are in good agreement with the results of the determination of oxide nonmetallic inclusions by the FGA method. The method of fractional gas analysis shows the dynamics of changes in the content of various types of oxide nonmetallic inclusions during the secondary (ladle) treatment of steel. It is shown that application of the FGA method allows to make analysis of causes of the harmful NMI formation in the metal and to correct operations at ladle treatment.

scholarly journals Studies on sedimentation of asphaltene deposits in distillation residues

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Aneta Lorek ◽  
◽  
Maciej Paczuski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Dispersion Stability ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Distillation Residues ◽  
Modern Analytical ◽  
Active Substances

In this work, experimental methods used for the evaluation of stability of solids in liquids dispersions, are presented. For the characterization of dispersion components, modern analytical techniques, such as tensiometry, scanning and static turbidimetry, have been applied. The influence of selected surface active substances on the dispersion stability was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Modification of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Stainless Steel by Addition of CaSi

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongying Du ◽  
Andrey Karasev ◽  
Olle Sundqvist ◽  
Pär Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Type I ◽  
Electrolytic Extraction ◽  
Oxide Inclusions ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
316L Steel

The focus of this study involved comparative investigations of non-metallic inclusions in 316L stainless steel bars without and with Ca treatments. The inclusions were extracted by using electrolytic extraction (EE). After that, the characteristics of the inclusions, such as morphology, size, number, and composition, were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in combination with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The following four types of inclusions were observed in 316L steels: (1) Elongated MnS (Type I), (2) MnS with hard oxide cores (Type II), (3) Undeformed irregular oxides (Type III), and (4) Elongated oxides with a hard oxide core (Type IV). In the reference sample, only a small amount of the Type III oxides (Al2O3–MgO–MnO–TiOx) existed. However, in Ca-treated 316L steel, about 46% of the observed inclusions were oxide inclusions (Types III and IV) correlated to gehlenite and to a mixture of gehlenite and anorthite, which are favorable for the machinability of steel. Furthermore, untransformed oxide cores (Al2O3–MgO–MnO) were also found in the inclusions of Type IV. The mechanism leading to different morphologies of oxide inclusions is also discussed.

scholarly journals Characterization of Surface Chromia Species on CrOx/TiO2 Catalysts

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
P. Wilson ◽  
R.P. Viswanath
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Evolved Gas Analysis ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Surface Anchoring ◽  
Surface Hydroxyl ◽  
Temperature Programmed

<p>Titania supported chromia catalysts have been employed for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) process because of their higher activity and selectivity. The catalytic activity of the titania supported chromia system is owing to the stabilization of the anchored chromia species having multiple chemical and molecular states on the surface<strong>. </strong>In the present work an attempt has been made to prepare titania supported chromia catalysts, from TiCl<sub>4</sub> and CrO<sub>3</sub> as precursors for the support and active phase respectively. Characterization of the catalysts have been made using FTIR spectroscopy and thermo analytical techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), evolved gas analysis (EGA) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The EGA, TGA and FTIR results indicate that the surface hydroxyl groups of TiO<sub>2</sub> (gel) has an influence on the chemical state of the chromium. Due to the surface anchoring, Cr<sup>+5</sup> species have been detected on the surface of the fresh catalyst which decomposes to lower valence state on calcination. EGA results indicate that Cr<sup>+3</sup> species having higher degree of coordinatively unsaturated centers is stabilized by gel titania as support. EG analysis and FTIR studies illustrate the coverage of the surface with similar type of sites at 10 wt.% chromia loading. TPR studies demonstrate the presence different kinds of surface chromia species with respect to chromia content.</p>

scholarly journals Database Clustering after Automatic Feature Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1650
Author(s):  
Andrey Zhitenev ◽  
Maria Salynova ◽  
Alexey Shamshurin ◽  
Sergey Ryaboshuk ◽  
Vladislav Kolnyshenko
Keyword(s):  
Nonmetallic Inclusions ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Feature Analysis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Fractional Gas Analysis ◽  
Database Clustering ◽  
Real Composition

Non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) in steel have a negative impact on the properties of steel, so the problem of producing clean steels is actual. The existing metallographic methods for evaluating and analyzing nonmetallic inclusions make it possible to determine the composition and type of NMIs, but do not determine their real composition. The analysis of single NMIs using scanning electron microscope (SEM), fractional gas analysis (FGA), or electrolytic extraction (EE) of NMIs is too complicated. Therefore, in this work, a technique based on the automatic feature analysis (AFA) of a large number of particles by SEM was used. This method allows to obtain statistically reliable information about the amount, composition, and size of NMIs. To analyze the obtained databases of compositions and sizes of NMIs, clustering was carried out by the hierarchical method by constructing tree diagrams, as well as by the k-means method. This made it possible to identify the groups of NMIs of similar chemical composition (clusters) in the steel and to compare them with specific stages of the steelmaking process. Using this method, samples of steels produced at different steel plants and using different technologies were studied. The analysis of the features of melting of each steel is carried out and the features of the formation of NMIs in each considered case are revealed. It is shown that in all the studied samples of different steels, produced at different steel plants, similar clusters of NMIs were found. Due to this, the proposed method can become the basis for creating a modern universal classification of NMIs, which adequately describes the current state of steelmaking.

scholarly journals Interaction of rail steel melt with refractory lining

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 484-487
Author(s):  
A. М. Grigor’ev ◽  
K. V. Grigorovich ◽  
А. Yu. Em ◽  
A. O. Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Rail Steel ◽  
Refractory Lining ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Aluminum Oxides ◽  
Domestic Enterprise ◽  
Steel Making ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Fractional Gas Analysis ◽  
Steel Grades ◽  
Steel Properties

The rail steel properties are adversely affected by rigid non-metallic inclusions, containing aluminum oxides. Therefore, aluminum content is limited to 0.004 % wt. in rail steel grades. Aluminum can get into steel from charge materials and refractory lining. In this work, we’ve analyzed how the chemical composition of refractories used in rail steel making influence steel quality on example of one domestic enterprise. To determine the main types of non-metallic inclusions created in E76F rail steels, we have performed fractional gas analysis of the samples taken in various process steps. It was found that the slag composition after degassing changes insignificantly, while the most part of non-metallic inclusions in rail steel is represented by aluminates.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

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