THE FAR EAST OF RUSSIA AND THE COUNTRIES OF NORTH EAST ASIA: A STRATEGIC LEVEL OF COOPERATION AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AT THE PRESENT STAGE

Государство Восточное Ся (1215–1233 гг.) было создано чжурчжэнями для защиты от монгольского вторжения на территории Северо-Востока Китая, в которую входил юг Дальнего Востока России. При строительстве городов-крепостей широко использовались естественно-географические условия. Горный ландшафт создавал возможность строить горные городища в распадках сопок, используя природные условия как дополнительные преграды. При исследовании фортификационных сооружений Шайгинского городища были выявлены основные и дополнительные оборонные сооружения чжурчжэньских укрепленных поселений, прослежена эволюция средневекового оборонного зодчества Дальнего Востока. В наиболее уязвимых местах возводились внешние дополнительные сооружения – реданы и отсекающие валы. Редан Шайгинского городища представлял собой сооружение шириной около 30 м, окруженное тремя валами и тремя рвами. В качестве дополнительного укрепления применялись отсекающие рвы, которые перекрывали подходы по мысам к городищу. На Шайгинском городище прослежено четыре отсекающих рва. Внешние фортификационные сооружения в виде редана и отсекающих рвов выполняли функцию первой линии защиты чжурчжэньских городов-крепостей. Эти укрепления впервые зафиксированы на горных городищах периода государства Восточного Ся. Их можно считать достижением чжурчжэньских градостроителей XIII в. The Eastern Xia Kingdom(1215–1233) was established by the Jurchens to defend themselves against invasions of the Mongols in North-East Chinathat included the southern parts of the Far East of Russia. Local topographic features were widely used in construction of city fortresses. Mountain landscape provided an opportunity to build mountainous fortified settlements into narrow valleys of sopkas to follow the natural terrain contours and use them to create additional obstacles. Excavations of the Shayginskoye hillfort revealed main and additional defensive constructions of Jurchen fortified settlements tracing the evolution of medieval defensive architecture in the Far East. Additional external constructions such as redans and cut-off ramparts were erected in soft spots of fortifications. The redan of the Shayginskoye hillfort was a construction around 20 mwide which was surrounded with three ramparts and three ditches. Cut-off ditches that closed access to the hillfort through promontories were used as an additional obstacle. Four cut-off ditches were identified at the Shayginskoye hillfort. External fortification constructions such as redans and cut-off ditches served to be the first defensive line of Jurchen fortress cities. This type of fortifications was recorded for the first time in mountainous hillforts of Eastern Xia. They can be regarded as an achievement of Jurchen town planners of the 13th century.

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Fossil mackerel (Actinopterygii: Scombridae: Scomber) from the Neogene of South-Western Sakhalin, Russia

Zoosystematica Rossica ◽

10.31610/zsr/2014.23.1.158 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 158-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.V. Nazarkin ◽

A.F. Bannikov

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

East Asia ◽

Far East ◽

Detailed Comparison ◽

Far East Of Russia ◽

Caudal Part ◽

Fossil Species ◽

Extinct Species ◽

First Finding ◽

The Far East

The caudal part of a skeleton of mackerel Scomber sp. in the deposits of the Kurasi Formation of Middle-Upper Miocene of south-western Sakhalin Island is reported. It is the first finding of a fossil representative of the suborder Scombroidei in the Far East of Russia. The genus Scomber comprises 4 recent and about 10 fossil species from Oligocene to Pliocene of Europe, North America (California) and East Asia (Japan). Preservation of the material studied was not good enough to allow a detailed comparison of the Sakhalin mackerel with known both recent and extinct species of the genus.

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Review of the millipede genus Levizonus Attems, 1898, with description of a new species from the Far East of Russia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae)

European Journal of Taxonomy ◽

10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 751 ◽

pp. 159-184

Author(s):

Elena V. Mikhaljova

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

North Korea ◽

Far East ◽

East China ◽

Far East Of Russia ◽

North East ◽

The Far East ◽

First Time ◽

A New Species

The genus Levizonus Attems, 1898 is rediagnosed and shown to contain eight species from Russia (Far East), North Korea, Japan and North-East China. One species is described here as new to science: Levizonus nakhodka sp. nov. A new formal synonym is proposed: Levizonus circularis Takakuwa, 1942 = Levizonus variabilis Lokschina & Golovatch, 1977 syn. nov., the valid name being the former. Levizonus circularis Takakuwa, 1942 is recorded for the fauna of China for the first time. All currently known species of Levizonus are included in a key, mapped and discussed.

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Multi-Purpose Use of Caustobioliths of Carbonic Series Based on Innovative Coal Chemistry Technologies in the Far East of Russia

Физико-технические проблемы разработки полезных ископаемых ◽

10.15372/ftprpi20180119 ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

Far East ◽

Far East Of Russia ◽

The Far East ◽

Coal Chemistry

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Tersilochinae of South, Southeast and East Asia, excluding Mongolia and Japan (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Zoosystematica Rossica ◽

10.31610/zsr/2011.20.1.96 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 96-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A.I. Khalaim

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

South Korea ◽

East Asia ◽

Far East ◽

New Combination ◽

East China ◽

Far East Of Russia ◽

Undescribed Species ◽

Oriental Region ◽

Unidentified Species

Tersilochines of South, Southeast and East Asia (excluding Mongolia and Japan) have been studied. Eight genera and 60 species are recorded in the region: Allophrys (2 species), Barycnemis (5 species), Diaparsis (29 species), Phradis (2 species, including 1 unidentified species), Probles (12 species, including 1 unidentified and 6 undescribed species), Sathropterus (2 species), Slonopotamus gen. nov. (2 species) and Tersilochus (6 species, including one species of the obscure status). One genus and 26 species are described as new: Allophrys bruneiensis sp. nov. (Brunei), A. occipitata sp. nov. (Vietnam, India), Diaparsis absista sp. nov. (Brunei), D. bannapeana sp. nov. (Laos), D. bolikhamsaica sp. nov. (Laos, Thailand), D. brunnea sp. nov. (Brunei), D. crenulator sp. nov. (Brunei), D. dediticia sp. nov. (Vietnam, Brunei), D. hilaris sp. nov. (Vietnam), D. karnatakana sp. nov. (India), D. labiensis sp. nov. (Brunei), D. mandibulator sp. nov. (Laos), D. minuta sp. nov. (Vietnam), D. monstrosa sp. nov. (Brunei), D. morleyi sp. nov. (Sri Lanka), D. propodeator sp. nov. (Brunei, Sarawak State of Malaysia, southern Indonesia, Laos), D. pulchra sp. nov. (South Korea), D. sarawakiensis sp. nov. (Sarawak and Pahang states of Malaysia), D. viela sp. nov. (Vietnam, Laos), D. vietnamica sp. nov. (Vietnam), D. zispina sp. nov. (Vietnam), Probles vietnamica sp. nov. (Vietnam, probably East China and south of Far East of Russia), Sathropterus secundus sp. nov. (Vietnam), Slonopotamus elephantoides sp. nov. (Laos), S. indianus sp. nov. (India) and Tersilochus granulatus sp. nov. (South Korea). Generic assignment of two species are changed: Barycnemis sanctijohanni (Rao & Kurian, 1951), new combination, and Probles (Microdiaparsis) caudate (Morley, 1913), new combination. Barycnemis dissimilis and B. tobiasi from Nepal, Diaparsis convexa from Vietnam, D. niphadoctona from Laos, and Sathropterus pumilus from India and Nepal are newly recorded from the countries. The genus Diaparsis comprises almost half of species of the tersilochine fauna of the studied region (29 species, 48%), and is a dominant genus in the Oriental Region. Keys to genera and species of Tersilochinae of South, Southeast and East Asia (excluding Mongolia and Japan) are provided.

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