scholarly journals Drinking during marathon running in extreme heat: a video analysis study of the top finishers in the 2004 Athens Olympic marathons

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Van Rooyen ◽  
T Hew-Butler ◽  
TD Noakes
Keyword(s):  
Video Analysis ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Laboratory Simulation ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Analysis Study ◽  
Female Runner ◽  
Retrospective Video Analysis

Objective. To assess the drinking behaviours of top competitors during an Olympic marathon. Methods. Retrospective video analysis of the top four finishers in both the male and female 2004 Athens Olympic marathons plus the pre-race favourite in the female race in order to assess total time spent drinking. One male and female runner involved in a laboratory drinking simulation trial. Results. For the five female athletes, 37 of a possible 73 drinking episodes were captured. The female race winner was filmed at 11 of 15 drinking stations. Her total drinking time was 23.6 seconds; extrapolated over 15 seconds this would have increased to 32.2 seconds for a total of 27 sips of fluid during the race. Eighteen of a possible 60 drinking episodes for the top four male marathon finishers were filmed. The total drinking time for those 18 episodes was 11.4 seconds. A laboratory simulation found that a female athlete of approximately the same weight as the female Olympic winner might have been able to ingest a maximum of 810 ml (350 ml.h-1) from 27 sips whilst running at her best marathon pace whereas a male might have drunk a maximum of 720 ml (330 ml.h-1) from 9 sips under the same conditions. Conclusions. These data suggest that both the female and male 2004 Olympic Marathon winners drank minimal total amounts of fluid (<1 litre) in hot (>30ºC) temperatures while completing the marathon with race times within 2.5% of the Olympic record.

The Effects of Sexualized and Violent Presentations of Women in Combat Sport

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-545
Author(s):  
T. Christopher Greenwell ◽  
Jason M. Simmons ◽  
Meg Hancock ◽  
Megan Shreffler ◽  
Dustin Thorn
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Combat Sport ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The One ◽  
Male Subjects

This study utilizes an experimental design to investigate how different presentations (sexualized, neutral, and combat) of female athletes competing in a combat sport such as mixed martial arts, a sport defying traditional gender norms, affect consumers’ attitudes toward the advertising, event, and athlete brand. When the female athlete in the advertisement was in a sexualized presentation, male subjects reported higher attitudes toward the advertisement and the event than the female subjects. Female respondents preferred neutral presentations significantly more than the male respondents. On the one hand, both male and female respondents felt the fighter in the sexualized ad was more attractive and charming than the fighter in the neutral or combat ads and more personable than the fighter in the combat ads. On the other hand, respondents felt the fighter in the sexualized ad was less talented, less successful, and less tough than the fighter in the neutral or combat ads and less wholesome than the fighter in the neutral ad.

scholarly journals Introducing instagagement: analyzing the engagement rates of professional tennis players through self-presentation strategies on Instagram

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Lebel
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Athletic Competence ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Fan Engagement

This study explored the self-presentation strategies of male and female professional tennis players on the visual-based social media platform, Instagram, and explored the differences that exist between genders relative to fan engagement. A total of 963 Instagram posts were analyzed through content analyses of the top ten most followed professional male and female tennis players. Findings suggest that down-to-earth posts were the most common selfpresentation strategy for both genders; however, male athletes were found to post in a wider variety of categories. Sport specific presentations of self (athletic competence, behind-the-scenes and celebratory) were found to be significantly more popular among male athletes, constituting 46.1% of their sample, compared to 24.5% of the female athlete sample. Fan engagement rates revealed that followers of male athletes engaged with celebratory content the most, while followers of female athletes engaged most with sexualized content.

scholarly journals Introducing instagagement: analyzing the engagement rates of professional tennis players through self-presentation strategies on Instagram

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Lebel
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Athletic Competence ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Fan Engagement

This study explored the self-presentation strategies of male and female professional tennis players on the visual-based social media platform, Instagram, and explored the differences that exist between genders relative to fan engagement. A total of 963 Instagram posts were analyzed through content analyses of the top ten most followed professional male and female tennis players. Findings suggest that down-to-earth posts were the most common selfpresentation strategy for both genders; however, male athletes were found to post in a wider variety of categories. Sport specific presentations of self (athletic competence, behind-the-scenes and celebratory) were found to be significantly more popular among male athletes, constituting 46.1% of their sample, compared to 24.5% of the female athlete sample. Fan engagement rates revealed that followers of male athletes engaged with celebratory content the most, while followers of female athletes engaged most with sexualized content.

scholarly journals Long-Term Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Among Cross-Country Skiers: Cohort Study of Endurance-Trained Male and Female Athletes

Circulation ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niclas Svedberg ◽  
Johan Sundström ◽  
Stefan James ◽  
Ulf Hållmarker ◽  
Kristina Hambraeus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cross Country

The Perceived Legitimacy of Rule Violating Behavior in Sport

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Sport Participation ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Organized Sport ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Polynomial Regressions

Some sport scientists have suggested that various rule violating behaviors (including aggressive player behavior) are normative behaviors perceived to be “legitimate violations” by participants (e.g., Silva, 1981; Vaz, 1979). In an attempt to determine if sport socialization influences the degree of perceived legitimacy of rule violating sport behavior, 203 male and female athletes and nonathletes were shown a series of eight slides. Seven of these slides clearly depicted rule violating behavior. The subjects rated the unacceptability-acceptability of the behavior shown on each slide on a scale of 1 to 4 (totally unacceptable-totally acceptable). Subjects were categorized according to: (a) gender, (b) amount of physical contact, (c) highest level of organized sport participation, and (d) years of participation. Regression and polynomial regressions indicated that male respondents rated rule violating behavior significantly more acceptable than females. Trend analyses on the other categorical variables indicated support for an in-sport socialization process that legitimizes rule violating behavior. This perceived legitimacy was considerably more pronounced for males than for females at all levels of analysis.

2: 15 p.m.: ANDROGEN LEVELS IN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES PARTICIPATING IN DIFFERENT SPORTS

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
W. W. Hutchison ◽  
R. Eichner ◽  
P. Martin ◽  
R. Strohbehn
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Androgen Levels

Psychological Effects of Caffeine on Players Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-194
Author(s):  
Sajjad Ali Gill ◽  
Komal Shahbaz ◽  
Dr. Muhammad Tahir Nazeer
Keyword(s):  
Survey Research ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Primary Effect ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Attention Level

The present study conducted to check the effects of caffeine on players performance through survey research. A caffeine-based 20 Statements (questionnaire) filed to the players, who were regular consumers of caffeine. 20 statements mentioned related to the positive effects of caffeine. Most of the players, who addicted to take caffeine on regularly basis approved all statements which showed that caffeine could affect the athlete's performance. The majority athletes agreed that caffeine enhanced their concentration, alertness and attention level. The primary effect of caffeine on vigilance granted by most of the players. Caffeine can enhance the working capacity of players by increasing their vigilances. Results show that caffeine helped them to train longer and harder which showed its benefits between male and female athletes, especially in off-season training periodization.

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