Potassium fractions in soil and simple K balance in long-term fertilising experiments

Experiments were used to determine the potassium release from the non-exchangeable K (Kne) forms that are involved in plant nutrition and which replenish the pool of available K. Long-term stationary field experiments with different fertilisation systems (organic: farmyard manure, sewage sludge, straw; mineral: NPK, N) were carried out to study the potassium balance and the K content changes in the topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–60 cm). The trials were located at three sites with different soil-climatic conditions. The following crops were rotated within the trial: potatoes (maize) – winter wheat – spring barley. All three crops were grown each year over 21 years. Positive correlations between the contents of the available K in the topsoil and the potassium balance (K inputs – K outputs) were observed. There were no statistically significant differences among the treatments. Depending on the soil properties, the ratio of non-exchangeable K (Kne) was 12–37% of the values obtained via the aqua regia extraction. Depending on the site, the amount released from the Kne forms to the available K form was 46–69 kg K/ha/ year. The use of K from the farmyard manure varied from 7.4% up to 25%. Due to the low K content in the sewage sludge, the long-term fertilisation with sludge may only lead to the depletion of the available K in the soil, similar to the sole N mineral fertilisation.

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Balance of potassium in two long-term field experiments with different fertilization treatments

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/109/2019-pse ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 225-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jiří Balík ◽

Jindřich Černý ◽

Martin Kulhánek ◽

Ondřej Sedlář ◽

Pavel Suran

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Mineral Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Exchangeable K ◽

Negative Balance

Balance of potassium (K) was observed in long-term stationary field experiments (21 years) at two sites with different soil and climatic conditions (Luvisol, Cambisol). The following crops were rotated within the trial: potatoes- winter wheat-spring barley. All three crops were grown each year. The trial comprised 6 treatments: (1) no fertilization; (2) farmyard manure; (3) half dose of farmyard manure + nitrogen (N) in mineral nitrogen fertilizers; (4) mineral nitrogen fertilizers; (5) NPK in mineral fertilizers; (6) straw of spring barley + N in mineral nitrogen fertilizers. The recovery rate of potassium from farmyard manure by crops was 24–26%, from mineral fertilizers it was 27–52%. Different fertilization intensities were manifested by significant differences in the content of exchangeable K in soil. Changes in non-exchangeable K (Kne) were recorded only at the Luvisol site (850 mg Kne/kg), but not at the Cambisol site (3000 mg Kne/kg). The maximum negative balance (–2376 kg K/ha/21 years) was recorded at the mineral nitrogen fertilization treatment.

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Influence of long-term fertilizer application on changes of the content of Mehlich-3 estimated soil macronutrients

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/930/2013-pse ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 151-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

M. Kulhánek ◽

J. Balík ◽

J. Černý ◽

F. Vašák ◽

Š. Shejbalová

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Magnesium Content ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Total Magnesium

The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes of Mehlich 3 – P, K, Ca and Mg contents in soil during a long-term field experiments with sewage sludge, farmyard manure (FYM) and mineral NPK (NPK) application, compared to the control non-fertilized treatment. The experiment was established at the Humpolec and Suchdol sites (Czech Republic). Potatoes, wheat and barley were grown in crop rotation. Fertilizing system was based on the same nitrogen dose of 330 kg N/ha per one crop rotation. Archive soil samples from the beginning of the experiment (1996) and from the end of each year’s crop rotation (1999, 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2011) were analyzed. In spite of the different soil-climatic conditions of the studied sites, very similar tendencies of P, K, Ca and Mg contents changes after the fertilizing systems used were observed in the soil. In case of the same nitrogen dose (330 kg N/ha), sewage sludge appeared to be better source of bioavailable soil phosphorus compared to the farmyard manure and NPK. On the contrary, FYM was a better source of bioavailable potassium and magnesium, despite the lower total magnesium content in FYM. The NPK treatment was the best long-term source of bioavailable potassium.

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Mineral and organic fertilization efficiency in long-term stationary experiments

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/200/2009-pse ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 28-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

J. Černý ◽

J. Balík ◽

M. Kulhánek ◽

K. Čásová K ◽

V. Nedvěd

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Natural Soil ◽

Average Yield ◽

Organic Fertilization

In long-term stationary experiments under different soil-climatic conditions, an influence of mineral and organic fertilization on yield of winter wheat, spring barley and potato tubers was evaluated. Statistically significantly lowest grain yields of winter wheat (4.00 t/ha) and spring barley (2.81 t/ha) were obtained in non-fertilized plots at all experimental sites. In the case of potatoes, the lowest yield of dry matter (5.71 t/ha) was recorded in the control plot, but the result was not statistically significant. The manure-fertilized plot gave the average yield of wheat higher by 30%, of barley by 22%. Application of sewage sludge resulted in wheat yield higher by 41% and barley yield higher by 26% over control. On average, application of sewage sludge and manure increased the yield of potatoes by 30% over control. The highest yield was obtained after application of mineral fertilizers; average yield increased by 59, 50 and 36% in winter wheat, spring barley and potatoes, respectively. No statistically significant differences among the plots with mineral fertilizers were observed. At different sites, the yield of studied crops varied; however, the effect of fertilization on yield increments was similar at all experimental sites except for Lukavec. It is the site with the lowest natural soil fertility, and it showed the highest effect of the applied fertilizers.

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Changes of soil bioavailable phosphorus content in the long-term field fertilizing experiment

Soil and Water Research ◽

10.17221/175/2018-swr ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 240-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Martin Kulhánek ◽

Jindřich Černý ◽

Jiří Balík ◽

Ondřej Sedlář ◽

Filip Vašák

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Phosphorus Content ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Mineral Nitrogen ◽

Available P ◽

Content Increase ◽

Bioavailable Phosphorus ◽

P Content

The aim of this study is to describe the changes of bioavailable phosphorus content in soil in long-term 18 years field experiments with different fertilizing systems. The field experiments are located at three sites with different soil and climatic conditions in the Czech Republic (Červený Újezd, Humpolec and Prague-Suchdol). Same fertilizing systems and crop rotation (potatoes (maize) – winter wheat – spring barley) are realized at each site with following fertilizing treatments: (1) unfertilized treatment (control), (2) farmyard manure (FYM), (3) and (4) sewage sludge (SS 1 and SS 3), (5) mineral nitrogen (N), (6) mineral nitrogen with straw (N + straw) and (7) mineral nitrogen with phosphorus and potassium (NPK). The long-term fertilizing effect on available P content changes in soil was observed. Bioavailable phosphorus content in soil increased in treatments with organic fertilization after 18 year experiment at all sites. The treatments SS 3 had the highest increase at all sites. The highest bioavailable P content increase compared to control (258 mg/kg) was determined at site Červený Újezd. On the contrary, available phosphorus content decreased at treatments with mineral fertilization and control treatment among all sites. Bioavailable P content decrease in the treatment NPK was observed, although phosphorus was applied. The lowest differences in available P content among all fertilizing treatments were observed at the location Prague-Suchdol.

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Impact of organic and mineral fertilising on aluminium mobility and extractability in two temperate Cambisols

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/587/2019-pse ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (No. 12) ◽

pp. 581-587 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jiří Balík ◽

Martin Kulhánek ◽

Jindřich Černý ◽

Ondřej Sedlář ◽

Pavel Suran

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Close Correlation ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Aluminium Content ◽

Mobile Forms ◽

Exchangeable Al ◽

Positive Correlations

Different fertilisation systems cause changes in the content of mobile aluminium (Al) forms in the soil as a result of soil pH changes. Long-term stationary fertilisation experiments established in 1996 at 2 sites were evaluated. Experiments consisted of unfertilised control treatment and 6 other treatments, combining mineral fertilisation with the application of farmyard manure, sewage sludge and straw. To record the changes in mobile Al forms, we used 5 extraction procedures with agents: water, CaCl2, KCl, CaCl2/DTPA (CAT) and Mehlich 3 solutions. At treatment nitrogen (N) + straw, topsoil acidification was observed, resulting in the increased content of mobile Al. At treatments with mineral fertilisation (N, NPK), increased content of mobile forms of Al was recorded. Application of cattle manure and sewage sludge helped to stabilise the soil pH and reduce mobile Al forms. The close correlation between the methods determining the exchangeable Al (CaCl2 and KCl solutions) was observed; however, KCl extraction was more favourable in soils of low Al extractability, as the amount of extracted Al was 3–4 times higher. Positive correlations were determined between Al extracted by Mehlich 3 solution and the content of exchangeable Al. The less frequently used CAT method also turned out to be perspective for mobile Al determination. Furthermore, aluminium content determined in Mehlich 3 extract was compared with mobile phosphorus amounts in H2O, CAT and Mehlich 3, respectively. All three investigated phosphorus forms showed significantly negative correlations with Al.

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Soil carbon transformation in long-term field experiments with different fertilization treatments

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/591/2018-pse ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (No. 12) ◽

pp. 578-586 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jiří Balík ◽

Jindřich Černý ◽

Martin Kulhánek ◽

Ondřej Sedlář

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Hot Water ◽

Row Crops ◽

Npk Fertilization

Soil carbon transformation was observed in long-term stationary field experiments (longer than 20 years) at two sites with different soil-climatic conditions (Luvisol, Chernozem). The following crops were rotated within the trial: row crops (potatoes or maize)-winter wheat-spring barley. All three crops were grown each year. Four different fertilization treatments were used: (a) no fertilizer (control); (b) sewage sludge (9.383 t dry matter/ha/3 years); (c) farmyard manure (15.818 t dry matter/ha/3 years); (d) mineral NPK fertilization (330 kg N, 90 kg P, 300 kg K/ha/3 years). At the Luvisol site, the control treatment showed a tendency to decrease organic carbon (Corg) in topsoil. At organic fertilization treatments the content of Corg increased: sewage sludge – +15.0% (Luvisol) and +21.8% (Chernozem), farmyard manure – +19.0% (Luvisol) and +15.9% (Chernozem). At the NPK fertilization, the increase was +4.8% (Luvisol) and +4.7% (Chernozem). The increased Corg content was also associated with an increase of microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and extractable organic carbon (0.01 mol/L CaCl2 and hot water extraction). The ratio of Cmic in Corg was within the range 0.93–1.37%.

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Differences in soil sulfur fractions due to limitation of atmospheric deposition

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/101/2009-pse ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (No. 8) ◽

pp. 344-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

J. Balík ◽

M. Kulhánek ◽

J. Černý ◽

J. Száková ◽

D. Pavlíková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Organic S ◽

Soil Sulfur ◽

Term Field

The aim of this work was to estimate the changes in contents of different sulfur (S) fractions in soils under conditions of lowering inputs of S from emissions together with the influence of application of manure and mineral fertilizers. Soil samples from long-term field experiments were used for this purpose. The samples were taken from 10 sites from precise long-term field experiments with different soil-climatic conditions in the Czech Republic. The samples were analyzed using the following fractionation: (i) water soluble S (H2O extracts), (ii) sorbed S (0.032M NaH2PO4 extracts) and (iii) S occluded with carbonates (1M HCl extract). Furthermore, the concentration of total S (Stot) and organic S (Sorg) was determined. Soil samples were taken in the years 1981 and 2007. During 26 years a decrease of Stot by about 3–8%, water soluble S by 65–68% and sorbed S by 39–44% were observed in the topsoil of the evaluated soils. Furthermore, a low increase in the content of organic S was observed. The estimated ratio of Sorg reached 78.7–80.9% from Stot in the year 1981 and 87.7–89.8% in 2007. Farmyard manure (40 t/ha) applied every 4 years did not have a significant influence on S fractions and Stot contents in soils; intensive S fertilizing increased Stot and mobile S forms contents in soils. Very close correlations were obtained especially between Stot and water soluble S and organic S.

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SELECTION WORK TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVE AND BREWING QUALITIES OF SPRING BARLEY

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2018/6/38-40 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 38-40

Author(s):

О. V. Levakova ◽

L. М. Eroshenko ◽

А. N. Eroshenko

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Humus Content ◽

Stability Index ◽

Field Studies ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Extract Content ◽

Labile Phosphorus ◽

Loam Soil

The article presents and analyzes data of competitive varietal testing of promising varieties and lines of spring barley for yield and brewing qualities. Field studies were conducted in 2014–2017 on dark gray forest heavy loam soil. Agrochemical parameters are total nitrogen – 0.24%, humus content in a layer of 0-40 cm (according to Tyurin) – 5.19%, hydrolysis nitrogen – 123.5 mg / kg, salt extract pH – 4.92 mg-eq / 100g; labile phosphorus - 34.6 mg / 100g, labile potassium – 20.0 mg / 100g. The forerunner is winter wheat. Meteorological conditions in the years of research differed from each other and from the average long-term value. Barley samples were assessed by the protein content in the grain (GOST 10846-91), extract content (GOST 12130-77), weight 1000 grains (GOST 10842-89). Ecological plasticity was determined by the method proposed by E.D. Nettevich, A.I. Morgunov and M.I. Maksimenko, stability index (Ľ) by A. A. Gryaznov, indicator of stability level (Puss) by E. D. Nettevich and A. I. Morgunov. The main measure for assessing quality indicators is protein content. Many other biochemical and technological features of grain depend on its level. The experimental data convincingly testify to the significant influence of the soil and climatic conditions on the yield and, especially, on the brewing qualities of barley in the conditions of the Central Region of the Nonchernozem Zone. According to the studied traits, new valuable varieties Nadezhny, Sir, Noble and selection lines 141 / 1-09 h 746, 23 / 1-10 h 784, distinguished by high adaptability and resistance to adverse environmental factors, have been identified.

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Long-term effects of farmyard manure and sewage sludge on some soil biochemical characteristics

Biology and Fertility of Soils ◽

10.1007/s003740050594 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 30 (1-2) ◽

pp. 100-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

A. Saviozzi ◽

A. Biasci ◽

R. Riffaldi ◽

R. Levi-Minzi

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Biochemical Characteristics

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Influence of Climate Conditions on the Temporal Development of Wheat Yields in a Long-Term Experiment in an Area with Pleistocene Loess

Climate ◽

10.3390/cli8090100 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 100 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kurt Heil ◽

Anna Lehner ◽

Urs Schmidhalter

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Climate Indices ◽

Winter Period ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Spring Frost ◽

Available Water ◽

Late Spring Frost

Field experiments were conducted to test different agronomic practices, such as soil cultivation, fertilization, and pest and weed management, in highly controlled plot cultivation. The inter-annual yields and the interpretation of such experiments is highly affected by the variability of climatic conditions and fertilization level. We examined the effect of different climate indices, such as winterkill, late spring frost, early autumn frost, different drought parameters, precipitation-free periods, and heat-related stress, on winter wheat yield. This experiment was conducted in an agricultural area with highly fertile conditions, characterized by a high available water capacity and considerable C and N contents in lower soil depths. Residuals were calculated from long-term yield trends with a validated method (time series autoregressive integrated moving average ARIMA) and these served as base values for the detection of climate-induced, short-term, and inter-annual variations. In a subsequent step, the real yield values were used for their derivations from climate factors. Residuals and real yields were correlated with climate variables in multiple regression of quantitative analyses of the yield sensitivity. The inter-annual variation of yields varied considerably within the observation period. However, the variation was less an effect of the climatic conditions during the main growing time periods, being more of an effect of the prevailing climate conditions in the winter period as well as of the transition periods from winter to the warmer season and vice versa. The high storage capacity of plant available water exerted a remarkable dampening effect on drought-induced effects during the main vegetation periods. Increasing fertilization led to increased susceptibility to drought stress. The results indicate a changed picture of the yield development in these fertile locations.

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