scholarly journals Implementation of the curve number method and the KINFIL model in the Smeda Catchment to mitigate overland flow with the use of terraces

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 98-107
Author(s):  
P. Kovář ◽  
D. Fedorova ◽  
H. Bačinová
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Mountain Catchment ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Combination Of Methods

The Smeda catchment, where the Smeda Brook drains an area of about 26 km<sup>2</sup>, is located in northern Bohemia in the Jizerské hory Mts. This experimental mountain catchment with the Bily Potok downstream gauge profile was selected as a model area for simulating extreme rainfall-runoff processes, using the KINFIL model supplemented by the Curve Number (CN) method. The combination of methods applied here consists of two parts. The first part is an application of the CN theory, where CN is correlated with hydraulic conductivity K<sub>s</sub> of the soil types, and also with storage suction factor S<sub>f</sub> at field capacity FC: CN = f(K<sub>s</sub>, S<sub>f</sub>). The second part of the combined KINFIL/CN method, represented by the KINFIL model, is based on the kinematic wave method which, in combination with infiltration, mitigates the overland flow. This simulation was chosen as an alternative to an enormous amount of field measurements. The combination used here was shown to provide a successful method. However, practical application would require at least four sub-catchments, so that more terraces can be placed. The provision of effective measures will require more investment than is currently envisaged.  

scholarly journals Impact of overland flow on soil characteristics in Třebsín experimental plots

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
H. Bačinová ◽  
P. Kovář
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Runoff Discharge ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Experimental Plots

This paper describes the continuation of simulated outcomes from the plots No. 4 and No. 5 with two different soils, using the KINFIL model to assess the runoff from extreme rainfall. The KINFIL model is a physically-based, parameter-distributed 3D model that has been applied to the Třebsín experimental station in the Czech Republic. This model was used for the first time in 2012 to simulate the impact of overland flow caused by natural or sprinkler-made intensive rains on four of the nine experimental plots. This measurement of a rain simulator producing a high-intensity rainfall involves also hydraulic conductivity, soil sorptivity, plot geometry and granulometric curves to be used for the present analysis. However, since 2012, the KINFIL model has been amended to provide a more effective comparison of the measured and computed results using the values of new parameters such as storage suction factor and field capacity on plot 4 and plot 5. The KINFIL model uses all input data mentioned above, and it produces the output data such as gross rainfall, effective rainfall, runoff discharge hydraulic depths, hydraulic velocities and shear velocities as well as shear stress values depending on the soil particle distribution. These processes are innovative, physically based, and both the measured and the computed results fit reliably.  

scholarly journals Mitigation of surface runoff and erosion impacts on catchment by stone hedgerows

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kovář ◽  
D. Vaššová ◽  
M. Hrabalíková
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Soil Hydraulic Parameters ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Steep Slopes

This paper presents the results of a study on the influence of hedgerows on the process of the surface runoff in the experimental catchment Verneřice 1, &Uacute;st&iacute; n. L. region, the Czech Republic. The influence of hedgerows on the surface runoff was simulated using the KINFIL rainfall-runoff model. The model parameters were assessed from the field measurements of the soil hydraulic parameters, in particular the saturated hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity. The catchment area is characterised by stone hedgerows constructed by land users throughout the past centuries, using stones collected from the adjacent agricultural fields. Presently, the hydraulic properties of these hedgerows reflect the characteristics of the mixture of stones, deposited soil, and vegetation litter, and they are more permeable than soil on the areas between them. Due to this fact, the permeability of the hedgerows produces a higher infiltration and a lower surface runoff. Therefore, the overland flow vulnerability and impact of water erosion decrease if they are situated in parallel to the contour lines system. The model was applied for two scenarios in the catchment &ndash; with and without hedgerows &ndash; to assess their effects on extreme rainfalls with a short duration. The surface runoff caused by extreme rainfall was simulated in order to show how hedgerows can mitigate the resultant flood and erosion. This paper provides relevant hydrological data and summarises the influence of man-made hedgerows on the overland flow control, i.e. on long and steep slopes surface runoff.

Effects of vegetation cover on runoff and erosion under simulated rain and overland flow on a rehabilitated site on the Meandu Mine, Tarong, Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Loch
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Overland Flows ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Runoff Events ◽  
Flow Study

This research was carried out to quantify the role of vegetative cover in reducing runoff and erosion from rehabilitated mined land. Duplicate plots 1.5 m wide and 12 m long were prepared on a rehabilitated area of the Meandu Mine, Tarong, with vegetative cover of 0, 23%, 37%, 47%, and 100%. The area had a uniform 15% slope, and there were no rill or gully lines present. Simulated rain equivalent to a 1 : 100 year storm was applied to the plots, and runoff and erosion were measured. Infiltration totals and rates increased strongly with increasing vegetative cover. There was visibly greater infiltration under vegetation. Erosion from the simulated storm was greatly reduced by vegetative cover, declining from 30–35 t/ha at 0% vegetative cover to 0.5 t/ha at 47% cover. Reductions in erosion at lower levels of vegetative cover were greater than predicted by the cover/erosion relationship used in the USLE. The dominantly stoloniferous growth habit of the grass at this site may have increased the effectiveness of vegetative cover in this study. To allow the data to be extrapolated to slopes longer than 12 m, a series of overland flows were applied to the upslope boundaries of the plots, simulating flows on slopes up to 70 m long. Detachment and transport of sediment by applied overland flow was similarly reduced by vegetative cover, and results from the overland flow study also indicate that for slopes up to 70 m long with grass cover of 47% or greater, erosion rates will be minimal, even under extreme rainfall/runoff events.

scholarly journals Using WaTEM/SEDEM and HEC-HMS models for the simulation of episodic hydrological and erosion events in a small agricultural catchment

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 18-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Konečná ◽  
Petr Karásek ◽  
Hana Beitlerová ◽  
Petr Fučík ◽  
Jiri Kapička ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Erosion Model ◽  
Fundamental Factor

A careful analysis of rainfall-runoff events and patterns of sediment and pollution load to water bodies is crucial for the proper management of agricultural land. This study simultaneously employed the WaTEM/SEDEM long-term erosion model and the HEC-HMS episodic hydrological and erosion model to describe the runoff and sediment load evoked by extreme rainfall events in a small agricultural catchment in Czechia, using the long-term monitoring discharge and water quality episodic data. WaTEM/SEDEM helped to delineate the runoff and sediment critical source areas, subsequently incorporated into HEC-HMS. The acquired results showed that the spatial distribution of land use is a fundamental factor in the protection of watercourses from diffuse pollution sources and the transport and delivery of sediment profoundly depends on the status of crop cover on arable land near a watercourse. Integrating both models, it was shown that the tabulated Curve Number (CN) values as well as the average C-factor values had to be lowered for the majority of the modelled events to match the monitored data. A noticeable role of catchment runoff response most probably played tile drainage, which appeared to profoundly modify the episodic runoff pattern. This study showed a promising approach for the simulation of different rainfall-runoff responses of small agricultural catchments and could be applied for the delineation of areas where soil conservation measures or protective management is of high priority. The results further revealed the obvious need to revise the CN values for tile-drained catchments.

scholarly journals Rainfall-Runoff Modeling Using the HEC-HMS Model for the Al-Adhaim River Catchment, Northern Iraq

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Ahmed Naseh Ahmed Hamdan ◽  
Suhad Almuktar ◽  
Miklas Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Time Step ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
Northern Iraq

It has become necessary to estimate the quantities of runoff by knowing the amount of rainfall to calculate the required quantities of water storage in reservoirs and to determine the likelihood of flooding. The present study deals with the development of a hydrological model named Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC-HMS), which uses Digital Elevation Models (DEM). This hydrological model was used by means of the Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension (HEC-GeoHMS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to identify the discharge of the Al-Adhaim River catchment and embankment dam in Iraq by simulated rainfall-runoff processes. The meteorological models were developed within the HEC-HMS from the recorded daily rainfall data for the hydrological years 2015 to 2018. The control specifications were defined for the specified period and one day time step. The Soil Conservation Service-Curve number (SCS-CN), SCS Unit Hydrograph and Muskingum methods were used for loss, transformation and routing calculations, respectively. The model was simulated for two years for calibration and one year for verification of the daily rainfall values. The results showed that both observed and simulated hydrographs were highly correlated. The model’s performance was evaluated by using a coefficient of determination of 90% for calibration and verification. The dam’s discharge for the considered period was successfully simulated but slightly overestimated. The results indicated that the model is suitable for hydrological simulations in the Al-Adhaim river catchment.

scholarly journals Multi-Objective Model-Based Assessment of Green-Grey Infrastructures for Urban Flood Mitigation

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Carlos Martínez ◽  
Zoran Vojinovic ◽  
Arlex Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Model Domain ◽  
Infiltration Processes ◽  
2D Model

This paper presents the performance quantification of different green-grey infrastructures, including rainfall-runoff and infiltration processes, on the overland flow and its connection with a sewer system. The present study suggests three main components to form the structure of the proposed model-based assessment. The first two components provide the optimal number of green infrastructure (GI) practices allocated in an urban catchment and optimal grey infrastructures, such as pipe and storage tank sizing. The third component evaluates selected combined green-grey infrastructures based on rainfall-runoff and infiltration computation in a 2D model domain. This framework was applied in an urban catchment in Dhaka City (Bangladesh) where different green-grey infrastructures were evaluated in relation to flood damage and investment costs. These practices implemented separately have an impact on the reduction of damage and investment costs. However, their combination has been shown to be the best action to follow. Finally, it was proved that including rainfall-runoff and infiltration processes, along with the representation of GI within a 2D model domain, enhances the analysis of the optimal combination of infrastructures, which in turn allows the drainage system to be assessed holistically.

scholarly journals Initial abstraction ratio and Curve Number estimation using rainfall and runoff data from a tropical watershed

RBRH ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Claudio Galvão do Valle Junior ◽  
Dulce Buchala Bicca Rodrigues ◽  
Paulo Tarso Sanches de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Initial Abstraction ◽  
Rainfall Depth ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Tropical Watershed ◽  
Runoff Events

ABSTRACT The Curve Number (CN) method is extensively used for predict surface runoff from storm events. However, remain some uncertainties in the method, such as in the use of an initial abstraction (λ) standard value of 0.2 and on the choice of the most suitable CN values. Here, we compute λ and CN values using rainfall and runoff data to a rural basin located in Midwestern Brazil. We used 30 observed rainfall-runoff events with rainfall depth greater than 25 mm to derive associated CN values using five statistical methods. We noted λ values ranging from 0.005 to 0.455, with a median of 0.045, suggesting the use of λ = 0.05 instead of 0.2. We found a S0.2 to S0.05 conversion factor of 2.865. We also found negative values of Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (to the estimated and observed runoff). Therefore, our findings indicated that the CN method was not suitable to estimate runoff in the studied basin. This poor performance suggests that the runoff mechanisms in the studied area are dominated by subsurface stormflow.

Rainfall runoff in soil erosion with simulated rainfall, overland flow and cover

Soil Research ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Singer ◽  
PH Walker
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Soil Transport ◽  
Raindrop Impact

The 20-100 mm portion of a yellow podzolic soil (Albaqualf) from the Ginninderra Experiment Station (A.C.T.) was used in a rainfall simulator and flume facility to elucidate the interactions between raindrop impact, overland water flow and straw cover as they affect soil erosion. A replicated factorial design compared soil loss in splash and runoff from 50 and 100 mm h-1 rainfall, the equivalent of 100 mm h-1 overland flow, and 50 and 100 mm h-1 rainfall plus the equivalent of 100 mm h-' overland flow, all at 0, 40 and 80% straw cover on a 9% slope. As rainfall intensity increased, soil loss in splash and runoff increased. Within cover levels, the effect of added overland flow was to decrease splash but to increase total soil loss. This is due to an interaction between raindrops and runoff which produces a powerful detaching and transporting mechanism within the flow known as rain-flow transportation. Airsplash is reduced, in part, because of the changes in splash characteristics which accompany changes in depths of runoff water. Rain-flow transportation accounted for at least 64% of soil transport in the experiment and airsplash accounted for no more than 25% of soil transport The effects of rainfall, overland flow and cover treatments, rather than being additive, were found to correlate with a natural log transform of the soil loss data.

scholarly journals Rainfall-runoff modelling in a catchment with a complex groundwater flow system: application of the Representative Elementary Watershed (REW) approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Zhang ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Watershed Hydrology ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Infiltration Excess

Abstract. Based on the Representative Elementary Watershed (REW) approach, the modelling tool REWASH (Representative Elementary WAterShed Hydrology) has been developed and applied to the Geer river basin. REWASH is deterministic, semi-distributed, physically based and can be directly applied to the watershed scale. In applying REWASH, the river basin is divided into a number of sub-watersheds, so called REWs, according to the Strahler order of the river network. REWASH describes the dominant hydrological processes, i.e. subsurface flow in the unsaturated and saturated domains, and overland flow by the saturation-excess and infiltration-excess mechanisms. Through flux exchanges among the different spatial domains of the REW, surface and subsurface water interactions are fully coupled. REWASH is a parsimonious tool for modelling watershed hydrological response. However, it can be modified to include more components to simulate specific processes when applied to a specific river basin where such processes are observed or considered to be dominant. In this study, we have added a new component to simulate interception using a simple parametric approach. Interception plays an important role in the water balance of a watershed although it is often disregarded. In addition, a refinement for the transpiration in the unsaturated zone has been made. Finally, an improved approach for simulating saturation overland flow by relating the variable source area to both the topography and the groundwater level is presented. The model has been calibrated and verified using a 4-year data set, which has been split into two for calibration and validation. The model performance has been assessed by multi-criteria evaluation. This work is the first full application of the REW approach to watershed rainfall-runoff modelling in a real watershed. The results demonstrate that the REW approach provides an alternative blueprint for physically based hydrological modelling.

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