Rainfall runoff in soil erosion with simulated rainfall, overland flow and cover

Soil Research ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Singer ◽  
PH Walker
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Soil Transport ◽  
Raindrop Impact

The 20-100 mm portion of a yellow podzolic soil (Albaqualf) from the Ginninderra Experiment Station (A.C.T.) was used in a rainfall simulator and flume facility to elucidate the interactions between raindrop impact, overland water flow and straw cover as they affect soil erosion. A replicated factorial design compared soil loss in splash and runoff from 50 and 100 mm h-1 rainfall, the equivalent of 100 mm h-1 overland flow, and 50 and 100 mm h-1 rainfall plus the equivalent of 100 mm h-' overland flow, all at 0, 40 and 80% straw cover on a 9% slope. As rainfall intensity increased, soil loss in splash and runoff increased. Within cover levels, the effect of added overland flow was to decrease splash but to increase total soil loss. This is due to an interaction between raindrops and runoff which produces a powerful detaching and transporting mechanism within the flow known as rain-flow transportation. Airsplash is reduced, in part, because of the changes in splash characteristics which accompany changes in depths of runoff water. Rain-flow transportation accounted for at least 64% of soil transport in the experiment and airsplash accounted for no more than 25% of soil transport The effects of rainfall, overland flow and cover treatments, rather than being additive, were found to correlate with a natural log transform of the soil loss data.

scholarly journals Soil Erosion Prediction Using Morgan-Morgan-Finney Model in a GIS Environment in Northern Ethiopia Catchment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gebreyesus Brhane Tesfahunegn ◽  
Lulseged Tamene ◽  
Paul L. G. Vlek
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Soil Transport ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Erosion Prediction

Even though scientific information on spatial distribution of hydrophysical parameters is critical for understanding erosion processes and designing suitable technologies, little is known in Geographical Information System (GIS) application in developing spatial hydrophysical data inputs and their application in Morgan-Morgan-Finney (MMF) erosion model. This study was aimed to derive spatial distribution of hydrophysical parameters and apply them in the Morgan-Morgan-Finney (MMF) model for estimating soil erosion in the Mai-Negus catchment, northern Ethiopia. Major data input for the model include climate, topography, land use, and soil data. This study demonstrated using MMF model that the rate of soil detachment varied from <20 t ha−1y−1to >170 t ha−1y−1, whereas the soil transport capacity of overland flow (TC) ranged from 5 t ha−1y−1to >42 t ha−1y−1. The average soil loss estimated by TC using MMF model at catchment level was 26 t ha−1y−1. In most parts of the catchment (>80%), the model predicted soil loss rates higher than the maximum tolerable rate (18 t ha−1y−1) estimated for Ethiopia. Hence, introducing appropriate interventions based on the erosion severity predicted by MMF model in the catchment is crucial for sustainable natural resources management.

How different are effects of vinasse biochar on soil erosion in Loess and Marl soils?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Hamizedra Sadeghi ◽  
Mahboobeh Kiani-Harchegani ◽  
Zeinab Hazbavi ◽  
Habibollah Younesi ◽  
Padideh Sadat Sadeghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Loess Soil ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Slope Steepness ◽  
Soil Erosion Control

&lt;p&gt;Nowadays soil erosion control using different amendments has grown up worldwide. However, the application of transformed materials like biochar has not been adequately studied. In the same vein, the application of biochars produced from waste materials that harm nature, and impose cost to managers and producers is a valuable approach for optimal utilization of the resources. Towards this, the performance of biochar produced from deleterious raw vinasse as the main by-product of sugarcane industries in controlling soil splash and interrill erosions on two marl and loess soils from Iran was investigated. The study was performed in 0.5 m&amp;#215;0.5 m plots in three replicates installed in the field with a slope steepness of 25% subjected to a simulated rainfall with an intensity of 50 mm h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and 0.5 h duration. Analysis of the results obtained from the splash and interrill erosions during the rainfall-runoff process showed that biochar decreased soil loss compared to the control plot on Marl soil but to a small extent (p &gt; 0.05). However, the plot treated with biochar on the loess soil revealed significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction in soil loss in comparison with that of the control plot. That study clearly demonstrates the addition of biochar may promote stability and limit both runoff and soil erosion. However, such effects strongly depend on the type of soils.&lt;/p&gt;

The effect of rainfall intensity on soil erosion and particulate phosphorus transfer from arable soils

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Fraser ◽  
T. R. Harrod ◽  
P. M. Haygarth
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Particulate Phosphorus ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Flow Monitoring

Soil erosion, in the form of transported suspended sediment in overland flow, is often associated with high rates of particulate phosphorus (PP) (total P&gt;0.45 μm) transfer from land to watercourses. Particulate P may provide a long-term source of P for aquatic biota. Twenty-two sites for winter overland flow monitoring were selected in south-west England within fields ranging from 0.2–3.8 ha on conventionally-managed arable land. Fields were situated on highly porous, light textured soils, lacking impermeable horizons and often overlying major aquifers. Long arable use and modern cultivation methods result in these soils capping under rain impact. Overland flow was observed when rainfall intensity approached the modest rate of 0.8 mm hr−1 on land at or near to field capacity. Low intensity rainfall (&lt;2 mm hr−1) produced mean suspended sediment losses of 14 kg ha−1 hr−1, with associated PP transfer rates of 16 g ha−1 hr−1. In high intensity rainfall (&gt;9 mm hr−1) mean PP losses of 319 g ha−1 hr−1 leaving the field were observed. As might be expected, there was a good relationship between PP and suspended sediment transfer in overland flow leaving the sites. The capacity of light soils to cap when in arable use, combined with heavy or prolonged rainfall, resulted in substantial discharges, soil erosion and associated PP transfer. Storms with heavy rain, typically of only a few hours duration, were characterised by considerable losses of PP. Such events, with return periods of once or twice a winter, may account for a significant proportion of total annual P transfer from agricultural soils under arable crops. However, contributions from less intense rain with much longer duration (around 100 hours per winter in many arable districts of the UK) are also demonstrated here.

Structural, Hydrologic, and Sediment Connectivity in a Shrub-Encroached and Restored Semiarid Grassland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Johnson ◽  
Jason Williams ◽  
Phillip Guertin ◽  
Steven Archer ◽  
Philip Heilman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Semiarid Grassland ◽  
Concentrated Flow ◽  
Shrub Canopy

&lt;p&gt;Shrub encroachment of semiarid grasslands is influenced by connected runoff and erosion patterns that preferentially accumulate resources under vegetated patches (canopy microsites) and deplete interspaces. Soil loss from dryland hillslopes results when areas of bare ground become structurally and functionally connected through overland flow. Although these patterns have been well-described, uncertainty remains regarding how these feedbacks respond to restoration practices. This study compared the structure and hydrologic function of a shrub-encroached semiarid grassland treated five years prior with the herbicide, tebuthiuron, to that of an adjacent untreated grassland. Through a series of hydrologic experiments conducted at increasing spatial scales, vegetation and soil structural patterns were related to runoff and erosion responses. At a fine scale (0.5 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), rainfall simulations (120 mm&amp;#183;h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; rainfall intensity; 45 min) showed herbicided shrub canopy microsites had greater infiltration capacities (105 and 71 mm&amp;#183;h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; terminal infiltration rates) and were less susceptible to splash-sheet erosion (3 and 26 g sediment yield) than untreated shrub canopy microsites, while interspaces were statistically comparable between study sites. Concentrated flow simulations at a coarse scale (~9 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) revealed that gaps between the bases of vegetation (i.e. basal gaps) &gt; 2 m&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;were positively related to both concentrated flow runoff (r = 0.72, p = 0.008) and sediment yield (r = 0.70, p = 0.012). Modeled hillslope-scale (50 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) runoff and erosion (120 mm&amp;#183;h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; rainfall intensity; 45 min) indicated less soil loss in the tebuthiuron-treated site (1.78 Mg&amp;#183;ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; tebuthiuron; 3.19 Mg&amp;#183;ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; untreated), even though runoff was similar between sites. Our results suggest interspaces in shrub-encroached grasslands continue to be runoff sources following herbicide-induced shrub mortality and may be indicators of runoff responses at larger spatial scales. In contrast, sediment sources are limited post-treatment due to lesser sediment detachment from sheet-splash and concentrated flow processes. Reduced sediment supplies provide evidence that connectivity feedbacks that sustain a shrub-dominant ecological state may have been dampened post-treatment. Our study also highlights the utility of simple measures of structural connectivity, such as basal gaps, as an indicator of hillslope susceptibility to increased runoff and erosion.&lt;/p&gt;

Effects of slope and rainfall intensity on runoff and soil erosion from furrow diking under simulated rainfall

CATENA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxin Liu ◽  
Yan Xin ◽  
Yun Xie ◽  
Wenting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Simulated Rainfall

Prometryn Movement Across and Through the Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Baldwin ◽  
P. W. Santelmann ◽  
J. M. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Runoff Losses ◽  
Runoff Plots

Specially constructed runoff plots were used to study the effect of simulated rainfall intensity, antecedent soil moisture, and subsequent rainfall on prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylthio-s-triazine] movement across and through a field soil with a 1% slope. The first cm (45.4 L) of runoff was collected and subdivided. The initial 3.8 L of runoff water generally contained a higher concentration of prometryn than did a composite from the next 41.6 L. The sediment contained a higher prometryn concentration than did the runoff water. However, due to the greater volume of water lost compared to sediment, over 90% of the prometryn lost was in the water fraction. When prometryn was applied to a dry soil and rainfall simulated, runoff losses of prometryn were 0.5% or less of the total amount initially applied. The first runoff producing simulated rainfall caused the largest prometryn losses, but prometryn could not be detected in the runoff 1 month subsequent to application. Prometryn was never detected at soil depths greater than 5 cm. Prometryn runoff was greater from plots in which the soil was wet at the time of application.

Soil erosion processes. I. The relative importance of rainfall detachment and dunoff entrainment

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 671 ◽  
Author(s):  
APB Proffitt ◽  
CW Rose
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Equilibrium Concentration ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Volumetric Flux

Experiments carried out in a simulated-rainfall tilting-flume facility are reported in which sediment concentrations (c) in runoff water resulting from overland flow only, or from a combination of rainfall and overland flow, were measured under controlled conditions using a series of slopes (0.1, 05, 1, 3 and 5%). The mixture of rainfall (of rate 100 mm h-1) and runon of water at the top of the flume were arranged to provide a constant volumetric flux (1.0x10-3 m3 m-l s-1) at exit from the 5.8 m long flume. Two contrasting soil types were studied: a cracking clay (black earth or vertisol), and a slightly dispersive sandy clay loam (solonchak or aridisol). Two major processes which can contribute to soil erosion under rainfall are rainfall detachment and runoff entrainment. For both soil types, c was generally highest for the steepest slope and decreased with slope. For constant rainfall and/or runoff conditions, c generally decreased with time until an equilibrium concentration was reached. At this equilibrium, the relative importance of rainfall detachment and entrainment in terms of soil loss was dependent on soil type and streampower which incorporates effects of slope and water flux. For streampowers <0.1 W m-2 for the black earth, and <0.3 W m-2 for the solonchak, the greatest contribution to c was by rainfall detachment, whilst at greater streampowers entrainment was the dominant contributor to c. At any streampower, the contribution by rainfall detachment was greater for the weakly structured solonchak than for the well aggregated black earth. At lower strearnpowers, the interaction between erosion processes was found to give higher c than the sum of both sediment concentrations resulting from the separately occurring processes. At streampowers greater than approximately 0.5 W m-2, rainfall reduced eroded sediment concentration by suppressing rill development. The findings in this study suggest that both runoff entrainment and rainfall detachment can contribute to sediment concentration from 'interrill' areas.

Estimating Raindrop Kinetic Energy: Evaluation of a Low-Cost Method

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wang ◽  
Dexter B. Watts ◽  
Qinqian Meng ◽  
Thomas R. Way ◽  
Qingfeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rotating Disks ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Raindrop Impact

Abstract. The Loess Plateau of China is regarded as the most intensively eroded region in the world and soil erosion caused by raindrop impact is a common occurrence on agricultural land within this region. Therefore, understanding the influence of rainfall energy on the soil surface is needed to improve prescriptions for best management practices aimed at mitigating erosion. Disdrometers for measuring rainfall energy are presently available; however, these are relatively expensive and their use may not be justified for determining raindrop energy for predictive soil erosion models in regions where there are limited economic resources. To overcome this constraint, a device was tested for evaluating size and velocity of water drops during rainfall events. This device utilized two rotating disks combined with filter paper to obtain raindrop diameter and velocity which can then be used for determining the kinetic energy of falling raindrops. With this device, raindrop diameter was determined from the resultant raindrop stain left on the filter paper during rainfall events and velocity was calculated from the time it took a falling raindrop to travel between the pair of rotating disks. Measurements were taken for approximately 10 minutes during each of six rainfall events of different intensities over a three month period (from June to August of 2013). The smallest raindrop measured was 0.39 mm diameter and the largest was 5.92 mm diameter. The event average raindrop diameter increased with increasing event rainfall intensity. The minimum raindrop impact velocity was 1.47 m s-1, the maximum was 9.45 m s-1, and the event average terminal velocity increased as event rainfall intensity increased. Estimated raindrop kinetic energy ranged from 0.04 × 10-6 J to 4728.21 × 10-6 J, with event mean raindrop kinetic energy ranging from 40.33 x 10-6 J to 276.94 × 10-6 J. The relationship between estimated event rainfall kinetic energy and event rainfall intensity was represented by an exponential function. The disk device was also compared to an optical disdrometer. The data collected for rainfall intensity, raindrop diameter, and velocity were statistically similar between the two devices. Results from this study show that this low-cost method can be used to estimate rainfall kinetic energy in the Loess Plateau region of Northwest China. Keywords: Loess Plateau, Raindrop diameter, Raindrop velocity, Rainfall intensity.

Soil Erosion Process in Sloped Shrub Plots under Simulated Rainfall

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 2094-2097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Qing Xiao ◽  
Wen Yi Yao ◽  
Chang Gao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Slope Gradient ◽  
Erosion Process ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
Negative Relation ◽  
Runoff And Sediment Yield

Runoff, sediment yield and infiltration process of shrub plots were studied under rainfall intensities of 45, 87 and 127 mm/h with 20° slope gradient using simulated rainfall experiment. The results showed that cumulative runoff and cumulative sediment yield of shrub plot had an obvious positive correlation with rainfall time. Under rainfall intensity of 45 mm/h, runoff and sediment yield of shrub plot kept a constant level. Under rainfall intensity of 87 mm/h, runoff kept a fluctuant increase, whereas sediment yield basically kept steady. Under rainfall intensity of 127 mm/h, runoff and sediment yield of shrub plot increased evidently due to the formation of erosion pits. Infiltration rate of shrub plot had a negative relation with runoff as well as sediment yield.

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