scholarly journals Spatio-temporal patterns of the Norway spruce decline in the Beskid Śląski and Żywiecki (Western Carpathians) in southern Poland

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Grodzki
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Forest Decline ◽  
Wind Damage ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Winter Time

A dramatic forest decline due to the bark beetle outbreak, which occurs in the Norway spruce stands in the Western Beskidy (southern Poland) since 2003, was started after severe physiological drought during winter time. An analysis describing some spatio-temporal characteristics of this process, with special regard to the patterns of bark beetle occurrence related to root fungal diseases, is presented. In 2003 the bark beetle occurrence level assessed as high and catastrophic was recorded on 40% of the area, while in 2006 – on 59%. The range of <I>Armillaria</I> root disease and bark beetle outbreak increased towards higher altitudes, including the zone above 1,000 m a.s.l. The wind damage in 2004 and 2007, and high temperatures in the summer 2006, further stimulated the increase in bark beetle populations level. Some conclusions on possible development of the outbreak and recommendations concerning related needs in forest protection, are given.

scholarly journals Presence of Root Rot Reduces Stability of Norway Spruce (Picea abies): Results of Static Pulling Tests in Latvia

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskars Krisans ◽  
Roberts Matisons ◽  
Steffen Rust ◽  
Natalija Burnevica ◽  
Lauma Bruna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Wind Damage ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Secondary Failure ◽  
The Future ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Individual Trees

Storms are the main abiotic disturbance in European forests, effects of which are expected to intensify in the future, hence the importance of forest stand stability is increasing. The predisposition of Norway spruce to wind damage appears to be enhanced by pathogens such as Heterobasidion spp., which reduce stability of individual trees. However, detailed information about the effects of the root rot on the stability of individual trees across diverse soil types is still lacking. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of root rot on the individual tree stability of Norway spruce growing on drained peat and mineral soils. In total, 77 Norway spruce trees (age 50–80 years) growing in four stands were tested under static loading. The presence of Heterobasidion spp. had a significant negative effect on the bending moment at primary and secondary failure of the tested trees irrespectively of soil type. This suggests increased legacy effects (e.g., susceptibility to pathogens and pests due to fractured roots and altered water uptake) of storms. Damaged trees act as weak spots increasing the susceptibility of stands to wind damage, thus forming a negative feedback loop and contributing to an ongoing decline in vitality of Norway spruce stands following storms in the study region in the future. Accordingly, the results support the importance of timely identification of the decayed trees, lowering stand density and/or shortening rotation period as the measures to counteract the increasing effects of storms on Norway spruce stands.

scholarly journals Acute Drought Is an Important Driver of Bark Beetle Infestation in Austrian Norway Spruce Stands

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid Netherer ◽  
Bernd Panassiti ◽  
Josef Pennerstorfer ◽  
Bradley Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Stands

scholarly journals Web-spinning sawflies of the genus Cephalcia Panzer (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) in the Picea abies forests of the Beskidy Mountains (Poland)

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jachym
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Western Carpathians ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Spruce Stands

This article presents a review of data and results of investigations from the period 1958–2006 regarding the occurrence of insects of the genus <I>Cephalcia</I> Panzer (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) in Norway spruce stands of the Beskidy Mountains (Western Carpathians, southern Poland). Currently, eight species are known for the area: <I>C. abietis, C. alashanica, C. alpina, C. annulicornis, C. arvensis, C. erythrogaster, C. fulva</I> and <I>C. masuttii</I>. Information regarding each species is given, with details on identification, local occurrence and importance.

scholarly journals Forest decline has not reduced genetic diversity of naturally regenerated Norway spruce from the Beskids, Poland

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 270-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Chomicz-Zegar ◽  
J. A. Nowakowska ◽  
A. Tereba
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Decline ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Primeval Forest ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
High Level

AbstractNorway spruce forests decline in the Beskids raises concerns about reduction of genetic variation in a next generation of forest. We aim to determine whether the genetic diversity in declining spruce stands was successfully transmitted to its self-seeded progeny. Using three nuclear microsatellite markers, we carried out the genetic assessment of naturally regenerated progeny and compered them with their maternal stands at an initial stage of decline. We investigated three spruce stands from the Śląski and Żywiecki Beskid and one primeval forest from the Tatras, as a reference. We noticed a high level of gene diversity, allelic richness and an effective number of alleles in progeny of all stands, without differences between declining stands from the Beskids and the primeval forest. The gene diversity was similar in maternal trees and their offspring. Higher gene diversity and generally higher number of alleles were noticed in young generation of stands. Genetic identity between generations was high in analyzed seed stands and the highest in the primeval forest. The results we presented indicate no significant effect of drastic reduction in the population size due to the forest decline on the level of genetic variation in self-seeded progeny of Norway spruce from the Beskids.

scholarly journals An attempt to use the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. in forest protection against the bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in the field

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Grodzki ◽  
Mieczysław Kosibowicz
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Fungus Beauveria Bassiana

Abstract In 2011-2013, trials on the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against bark beetle (Ips typographus) populations were carried out under open field conditions in Norway spruce stands suffering from an outbreak in the Beskid Żywiecki Mts. in Poland. Modified pheromone traps were deployed to capture and thereafter release fungus-infected bark beetles to the forest environment. Infested spruce trees felled next to the traps remained unaffected by the transmission of the fungus to insect populations. Direct spraying or dusting of lying trap logs and suspended caged rearing bolts did not have any effect on spruce infestation by I. typographus, its reproduction success and development or natural enemies inside the bark. A very small effect on mortality rates of target as well as non-target insects overwintering in the dusted litter was observed. Treated stands, unlike control stands, were indirectly affected by the treatment, evidenced by the reduction of tree mortality due to bark beetle infestation. At present, no recommendations concerning the potential use of the fungus in forest protection can be given. However such an environmentally friendly approach represents a promising future prospect.

Culturable bacterial populations associated with ectomycorrhizae of Norway spruce stands with different degrees of decline in the Czech Republic

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Avidano ◽  
Maurizio Rinaldi ◽  
Roberto Gindro ◽  
Pavel Cudlín ◽  
Maria Giovanna Martinotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Forest Decline ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Culturable Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Associated Species

The aim of this study was to determine which species of culturable bacteria are associated with ectomycorrhizae (ECM) of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) in the Sudety Mountains, exposed for years to atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, and climatic stress, and to identify particular species that have adapted to those conditions. Biolog identification was performed on bacterial species from ECM of adult spruce trees and seedlings of stands with low, intermediate, and high forest decline. Bacterial diversity in ECM associated with adult spruce trees, seedlings, and seedlings grown on monoliths was calculated; although the expected values appeared to vary widely, no significant differences among sites were observed. Dendrograms based on the identified bacterial species showed that stands with low forest decline clustered separately from the others. Principal component analysis of the normalized data for ECM-associated species showed a clear separation between stands with high forest decline and stands with low forest decline for seedlings and a less evident separation for adult spruce trees. In conclusion, shifts in ECM-associated culturable bacterial populations seem to be associated with forest decline in Norway spruce stands. Some bacterial species were preferentially associated with mycorrhizal roots depending on the degree of forest decline; this was more evident in seedlings where the species Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas fluorescens were associated with, respectively, ECM of the most damaged stands and those with low forest decline.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Ips typographus (L.) after wind damage in the Kościeliska Valley of the Tatra National Park

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Grodzki ◽  
Wojciech Gąsienica Fronek
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
National Park ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Passive Protection ◽  
Protection Zone ◽  
Active Protection ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Infestation Density ◽  
Tatra National Park

Abstract At the end of 2013, Norway spruce stands in the area of the Tatra National Park were severely damaged by strong storms especially in the Kościeliska Valley region. In the following spring of 2014, a survey recording the occurrence of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) was initiated in order to describe the dynamics of beetle reproduction in relation to protection measures executed in wind-damaged stands. Ten research plots with 20 trees each were established in a socalled active protection zone, where the broken and fallen trees had been processed and removed in 2014, and in a passive protection zone, where no actions were taken, and the dynamics of Norway spruce mortality due to bark beetle infestation including quantitative parameters (infestation density, sex ratio of beetle populations) were examined. The entomological analyses were performed on 25 × 25 cm large bark samples taken from four (active zone) or two (passive zone) tree sections. In the first year of the survey, no infested standing trees were recorded on the plots and the colonisation of fallen and broken trees was very weak. In the second year (2015), infestations appeared in larger numbers on the plots with passive compared to active protection but the infestation density was 0.89 mating chambers per 1 dm2 regardless of the protection status. In the third year (2016), most of the remaining living spruces had been infested with a mean density of 0.82 m.ch. per 1 dm2. In 2015, the proportion of females in the beetle population was 65.8% being higher in the active (68.4%) than the passive (64.0%) protection zone, while in 2016 the proportion was 63.5% and in this case slightly higher in the passive protection zone (63.9% as compared to 63.2%). These results are in accordance with patterns observed in wind-damaged Norway spruce stands of other areas in Poland and Europe and demonstrate the usefulness of forest management procedures in mitigating I. typographus outbreaks.

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