scholarly journals Utilization of the biological nitrogen fixation for soil evaluation

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Šimon
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Evaluation ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation (potential nitrogenase activity – PNA) of soil samples originating from different plots of long-term field experiments (selected variants: Nil, NPK [mineral fertilisation: 64.6–100 kg N/ha/year], FYM [farmyard manure], and FYM + NPK from three blocks III, IV and B with different crop rotation) was determined in laboratory experiments. The symbiotic nitrogen fixation (total nitrogenase activity – TNA) of the same soil samples was evaluated in hydroponic experiments with pea (2001, 2002) and lucerne (2001) in which the soil samples were used as a natural inoculum. The high values of PNA were found in the variants fertilised with FYM in all three blocks and all experiments. Simultaneously, the variants fertilised with mineral NPK reached low values of PNA. The farmyard manuring enhanced the number of free-living bacteria Azotobacter spp. that were identified in all soil samples. In the hydroponic experiments with pea, the highest nonsignificant values of TNA were found in variants B 284 (FYM + NPK) and III 254 (FYM + NPK) in 2001, and B 214 (FYM) and III 214 (FYM) in 2002. Plants inoculated with soil from these variants formed also high amounts of nodules (significant differences in block IV in 2001) and plant biomass. In the experiments with lucerne, the nonsignificantly highest TNA values were found in variant III 154 (NPK). Variants from block III (214, 254) and IV (114 and 154) showed the nonsignificantly lowest TNA values. The rhizobia that effectuate symbiosis with pea were more active in the soil samples in 2001 than those forming nodules on lucerne.

scholarly journals Differences in soil sulfur fractions due to limitation of atmospheric deposition

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 344-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Balík ◽  
M. Kulhánek ◽  
J. Černý ◽  
J. Száková ◽  
D. Pavlíková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Organic S ◽  
Soil Sulfur ◽  
Term Field

The aim of this work was to estimate the changes in contents of different sulfur (S) fractions in soils under conditions of lowering inputs of S from emissions together with the influence of application of manure and mineral fertilizers. Soil samples from long-term field experiments were used for this purpose. The samples were taken from 10 sites from precise long-term field experiments with different soil-climatic conditions in the Czech Republic. The samples were analyzed using the following fractionation: (i) water soluble S (H<sub>2</sub>O extracts), (ii) sorbed S (0.032M NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> extracts) and (iii) S occluded with carbonates (1M HCl extract). Furthermore, the concentration of total S (S<sub>tot</sub>) and organic S (S<sub>org</sub>) was determined. Soil samples were taken in the years 1981 and 2007. During 26 years a decrease of S<sub>tot</sub> by about 3–8%, water soluble S by 65–68% and sorbed S by 39–44% were observed in the topsoil of the evaluated soils. Furthermore, a low increase in the content of organic S was observed. The estimated ratio of S<sub>org</sub> reached 78.7–80.9% from S<sub>tot</sub> in the year 1981 and 87.7–89.8% in 2007. Farmyard manure (40 t/ha) applied every 4 years did not have a significant influence on S fractions and S<sub>tot</sub> contents in soils; intensive S fertilizing increased S<sub>tot</sub> and mobile S forms contents in soils. Very close correlations were obtained especially between S<sub>tot</sub> and water soluble S and organic S.

Phosphorus-Rhizobium interaction studies on biological nitrogen fixation and yield of lentil

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Dhingra ◽  
H. S. Sekhon ◽  
P. S. Sandhu ◽  
S. C. Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Biological Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
Intact Root

SummaryField experiments were conducted at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana from 1980–1 to 1984–5 to study the response of lentil genotypes to phosphorus application and Rhizobium inoculation. The number and dry weight of nodules increased consistently with increasing rates of application of phosphorus from 0 to 60 kg P2O5/ha. Nitrogenase activity of intact root nodules increased from 17 530 to 22 390 nmol/h per g dry weight of nodules with 20 kg P2O6/ha and to 27391 and 29170 nmol/h per g with 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha, respectively. Rhizobium inoculation also increased nodulation, nitrogenase activity and grain yield. Interaction between phosphorus and Rhizobium inoculation was significant in 3 out of 5 years, indicating that the combination of Rhizobium and 20 kg P2O6/ha gave yield equivalent to 40 kg P2O6/ha without Rhizobium.

scholarly journals Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and the Challenges to Its Extension to Nonlegumes

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (13) ◽  
pp. 3698-3710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Mus ◽  
Matthew B. Crook ◽  
Kevin Garcia ◽  
Amaya Garcia Costas ◽  
Barney A. Geddes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Biological Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Interest In Research ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Developed World

ABSTRACTAccess to fixed or available forms of nitrogen limits the productivity of crop plants and thus food production. Nitrogenous fertilizer production currently represents a significant expense for the efficient growth of various crops in the developed world. There are significant potential gains to be had from reducing dependence on nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture in the developed world and in developing countries, and there is significant interest in research on biological nitrogen fixation and prospects for increasing its importance in an agricultural setting. Biological nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric N2to NH3, a form that can be used by plants. However, the process is restricted to bacteria and archaea and does not occur in eukaryotes. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is part of a mutualistic relationship in which plants provide a niche and fixed carbon to bacteria in exchange for fixed nitrogen. This process is restricted mainly to legumes in agricultural systems, and there is considerable interest in exploring whether similar symbioses can be developed in nonlegumes, which produce the bulk of human food. We are at a juncture at which the fundamental understanding of biological nitrogen fixation has matured to a level that we can think about engineering symbiotic relationships using synthetic biology approaches. This minireview highlights the fundamental advances in our understanding of biological nitrogen fixation in the context of a blueprint for expanding symbiotic nitrogen fixation to a greater diversity of crop plants through synthetic biology.

scholarly journals Potential of Phototrophic Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria to Fix Nitrogen in Rice Fields

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Isamu Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogenase Activities ◽  
Plant Available Nitrogen ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Biological nitrogen fixation catalyzed by Mo-nitrogenase of symbiotic diazotrophs has attracted interest because its potential to supply plant-available nitrogen offers an alternative way of using chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Phototrophic purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) diazotrophically grow under light anaerobic conditions and can be isolated from photic and microaerobic zones of rice fields. Therefore, PNSB as asymbiotic diazotrophs contribute to nitrogen fixation in rice fields. An attempt to measure nitrogen in the oxidized surface layer of paddy soil estimates that approximately 6–8 kg N/ha/year might be accumulated by phototrophic microorganisms. Species of PNSB possess one of or both alternative nitrogenases, V-nitrogenase and Fe-nitrogenase, which are found in asymbiotic diazotrophs, in addition to Mo-nitrogenase. The regulatory networks control nitrogenase activity in response to ammonium, molecular oxygen, and light irradiation. Laboratory and field studies have revealed effectiveness of PNSB inoculation to rice cultures on increases of nitrogen gain, plant growth, and/or grain yield. In this review, properties of the nitrogenase isozymes and regulation of nitrogenase activities in PNSB are described, and research challenges and potential of PNSB inoculation to rice cultures are discussed from a viewpoint of their applications as nitrogen biofertilizer.

scholarly journals Kazakhstan black soil organic substance agrogenic transformation

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Akhylbek Kazhigulovich Kurishbayev ◽  
Grigoriy Aleksandrovich Zvyagin ◽  
Nadezhda Vasilevna Yaroslavtseva ◽  
Boris Maratovich Kogut
Keyword(s):  
Organic Substance ◽  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Soil Evaluation ◽  
Forest Belts

Currently despite the extended study of the temporary dynamic of the cultivated soil organic substance on the global scale scientists pay much attention to the establishing the patterns of its quantitative transformation on the regional level depending on the systems of agricultural exploitation for the purpose of clarifying the worldwide estimate of humus reserve in relation to the issue of the greenhouse effect. In this regard we have examined the modern dynamic (1990-2015) of the regular and southern black soil organic substance in the conditions of long-term stationary field experiments in the primary grain-sowing region of the Northern Kazakhstan. Based on the data from alternative time periods on the proportion of Соргand N in the upper (mainly 0-25 cm) layer of virgin and agrogenic black soil of Akmolinsk and Kostanay regions of Kazakhstan we have discovered the distinctive characteristics of changes in the content of soil organic substance. It has been demonstrated that the content of humus in the regular black soil is significantly higher than that in the southern carbonated black soil. Evaluation of transforming and inert pool of organic carbon in virgin and agrogenic variants of southern black soil has been made. It has been established that currently in the result of influence from various methods of southern black soil treatment the rate of humus percentage decrease is slowing down in comparison with that of the previous period of its agricultural exploitation, however, in practice, those methods, including the subsurface tilling, do not halt the de-humusization process. Content of humus in soil of the variants with continuous spring wheat is approaching that with continuous complete fallow. There are sufficient grounds to suggest that the reason for de-humusization of the southern black soil could reside in biochemical (mineralization), as well as physical (deflation) loss of humus. Particular danger comes from the wind erosion resulting in percentage of humus dropping even below its minimal value, i.e. due to the decrease of nearly unrecoverable inert part. In agrogenic regular black soil, during the closing period of its agricultural exploitation, there has been no humus loss detected, which is most probably related to the existence of protective anti-erosion forest belts in the studied fields area.

scholarly journals Development of RR soybean in function of glyphosate doses and Bradyrhizobium inoculation

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 854-858
Author(s):  
João W. Bossolani ◽  
Nadia M. Poloni ◽  
Edson Lazarini ◽  
João V. T. Bettiol ◽  
João A. Fischer Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Outdoor Experiment ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate

ABSTRACT Soybean has traditionally been produced in systems that include the use of herbicides, often in higher than recommended doses. The process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes can be hampered by these herbicides, both by direct effects on rhizobia and indirect effects on the host plant. An outdoor experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of different doses of a glyphosate herbicide on Bradyrhizobium strains and biological nitrogen fixation in soybean BMX Potência RR plants. Soybean seeds were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium elkanii (SEMIA 5019) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (SEMIA 5079) strains in a commercial liquid inoculant. The treatments consisted of the absence and presence of Bradyrhizobium genotypes inoculated via seed and four doses of the herbicide glyphosate applied on the leaves (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 L ha-1 of the commercial product) at the V3 stage. The leaf chlorophyll index of inoculated RR soybean plants did not change on the application of glyphosate and, regardless of inoculation, plants had the capacity to recover from the effects of glyphosate application, without impaired development.

scholarly journals The influence of fertilisation and crop rotation on soil microbial characteristics in the long-term field experiment

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mikanová ◽  
M. Friedlová ◽  
T. Šimon
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Urease Activity ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Microbial Characteristics ◽  
Rotation Field ◽  
Term Field

Soils were sampled from the plots with four variants of fertilisation: Nil – without fertilisation, NPK – mineral fertilisation, FYM – farmyard manure, FYM + NPK – farmyard manure with mineral fertilisation, and two variants of crop rotation: field IV – classical 9-year crop rotation, field B – 2-year rotation of alternative growing. Determination of urease, CFU of <I>Azotobacter</I> spp. and potential nitrogenase activity was conducted during the period 1999–2004. The urease activity was positively affected by manure fertilisation (FYM) and by the combination of FYM + NPK. The statistically significantly highest counts of <I>Azotobacter</I> spp. and the highest nitrogenase activity were determined on field B in variants FYM and FYM + NPK. The results show that there was a higher amount of accessible nitrogen present on field IV than on field B. This might explain the lower counts of <I>Azotobacter</I> spp. and therefore the lower nitrogenase activity. According to our results, activity of urease, CFU of <I>Azotobacter</I> spp. and potential nitrogenase activity are very closely connected with N inputs.

Phenotypic reversion of nitrogenase in pleiotropic mutants of Rhizobium meliloti

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Barabás ◽  
Tibor Sik
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Nitrate Reductase Activity ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Amino Acid Utilization ◽  
Phenotypic Reversion

In two out of three pleiotropic mutants of Rhizobium meliloti, defective in nitrate reductase induced by amino acid utilization in vegetative bacteria and in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase activity could be restored completely by purines and partially by the amino acids L-glutamate, L-aspartate, L-glutamine, and L-asparagine. The compounds restoring effectiveness in nitrogen fixation did not restore nitrate reductase activity in vegetative bacteria. The restoration of effectiveness supports our earlier conclusion that the mutation is not in the structural gene for a suggested common subunit of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase.

scholarly journals Annual Removal of Aboveground Plant Biomass Alters Soil Microbial Responses to Warming

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Xue ◽  
Mengting M. Yuan ◽  
Jianping Xie ◽  
Dejun Li ◽  
Yujia Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Functional Genes ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Recalcitrant Carbon ◽  
Microbial Responses

ABSTRACT Clipping (i.e., harvesting aboveground plant biomass) is common in agriculture and for bioenergy production. However, microbial responses to clipping in the context of climate warming are poorly understood. We investigated the interactive effects of grassland warming and clipping on soil properties and plant and microbial communities, in particular, on microbial functional genes. Clipping alone did not change the plant biomass production, but warming and clipping combined increased the C 4 peak biomass by 47% and belowground net primary production by 110%. Clipping alone and in combination with warming decreased the soil carbon input from litter by 81% and 75%, respectively. With less carbon input, the abundances of genes involved in degrading relatively recalcitrant carbon increased by 38% to 137% in response to either clipping or the combined treatment, which could weaken long-term soil carbon stability and trigger positive feedback with respect to warming. Clipping alone also increased the abundance of genes for nitrogen fixation, mineralization, and denitrification by 32% to 39%. Such potentially stimulated nitrogen fixation could help compensate for the 20% decline in soil ammonium levels caused by clipping alone and could contribute to unchanged plant biomass levels. Moreover, clipping tended to interact antagonistically with warming, especially with respect to effects on nitrogen cycling genes, demonstrating that single-factor studies cannot predict multifactorial changes. These results revealed that clipping alone or in combination with warming altered soil and plant properties as well as the abundance and structure of soil microbial functional genes. Aboveground biomass removal for biofuel production needs to be reconsidered, as the long-term soil carbon stability may be weakened. IMPORTANCE Global change involves simultaneous alterations, including those caused by climate warming and land management practices (e.g., clipping). Data on the interactive effects of warming and clipping on ecosystems remain elusive, particularly in microbial ecology. This study found that clipping alters microbial responses to warming and demonstrated the effects of antagonistic interactions between clipping and warming on microbial functional genes. Clipping alone or combined with warming enriched genes degrading relatively recalcitrant carbon, likely reflecting the decreased quantity of soil carbon input from litter, which could weaken long-term soil C stability and trigger positive warming feedback. These results have important implications in assessing and predicting the consequences of global climate change and indicate that the removal of aboveground biomass for biofuel production may need to be reconsidered.

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