scholarly journals Analysis of the chalcone synthase from Humulus lupulus L. and biotechnology aspects of medicinal hops

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
J. Matoušek ◽  
P. Novák ◽  
J. Patzak ◽  
J. Bříza ◽  
K. Krofta
Keyword(s):  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Inverse Pcr ◽  
Prenylated Flavonoids ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
Bitter Acids ◽  
Genetic Source ◽  
High Level

The complete sequence hop gene, which corresponds to true chalcone synthase (EC 2.3.1.74), was amplified using a combination of PCR, RT PCR and inverse PCR methods and cloned from Czech Osvald’s clone 72. The gene designated chs_H1 was found to be specifically expressed on glandular trichomes, whereas negligible level of specific mRNA was found in leaves. Thus, chs_H1 may co-determine biosynthesis of prenylated chalcones, compounds valuable as anticancer and antiproliferative components of lupulin. It was shown by the comparative analyses and by the structure modelling that the true hop chalcone synthase differs from previously described CHS-like protein, phlorisovalerophenone synthase, which is involved in biosynthesis of bitter acids. Several hop cultivars were analysed for the presence of genes homologous to chs_H1 using chs_H1 cDNA as probe. 2-4 HindIII specific genomic fragments were detected by Southern blots, depending on cultivar. More detailed analysis revealed at least six homologous genes in Osvald’s 72 hop, suggesting a great potential of this hop also as a genetic source for modern biotechnology. High level of xanthohumol in some Osvald’s 72-derived hybrid cultivars like cv. Sládek, as well as a comparatively high level of prenylated flavonoids in some comprehensive hops, suggest also the presence of additional, regulatory genes co-determining levels of prenylated flavonoids valuable for medicinal hops.

scholarly journals Dissection of Dynamic Transcriptome Landscape of Leaf, Bract, and Lupulin Gland in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar Mishra ◽  
Tomáš Kocábek ◽  
Vishnu Sukumari Nath ◽  
Praveen Awasthi ◽  
Ankita Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Local Alignment ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Trichome Development ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
Bitter Acids

The hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.) produces several valuable secondary metabolites, such as prenylflavonoid, bitter acids, and essential oils. These compounds are biosynthesized in glandular trichomes (lupulin glands) endowed with pharmacological properties and widely implicated in the beer brewing industry. The present study is an attempt to generate exhaustive information of transcriptome dynamics and gene regulatory mechanisms involved in biosynthesis and regulation of these compounds, developmental changes including trichome development at three development stages, namely leaf, bract, and mature lupulin glands. Using high-throughput RNA-Seq technology, a total of 61.13, 50.01, and 20.18 Mb clean reads in the leaf, bract, and lupulin gland libraries, respectively, were obtained and assembled into 43,550 unigenes. The putative functions were assigned to 30,996 transcripts (71.17%) based on basic local alignment search tool similarity searches against public sequence databases, including GO, KEGG, NR, and COG families, which indicated that genes are principally involved in fundamental cellular and molecular functions, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The expression levels of all unigenes were analyzed in leaf, bract, and lupulin glands tissues of hop. The expression profile of transcript encoding enzymes of BCAA metabolism, MEP, and shikimate pathway was most up-regulated in lupulin glands compared with leaves and bracts. Similarly, the expression levels of the transcription factors and structural genes that directly encode enzymes involved in xanthohumol, bitter acids, and terpenoids biosynthesis pathway were found to be significantly enhanced in lupulin glands, suggesting that production of these metabolites increases after the leaf development. In addition, numerous genes involved in primary metabolism, lipid metabolism, photosynthesis, generation of precursor metabolites/energy, protein modification, transporter activity, and cell wall component biogenesis were differentially regulated in three developmental stages, suggesting their involvement in the dynamics of the lupulin gland development. The identification of differentially regulated trichome-related genes provided a new foundation for molecular research on trichome development and differentiation in hop. In conclusion, the reported results provide directions for future functional genomics studies for genetic engineering or molecular breeding for augmentation of secondary metabolite content in hop.

scholarly journals FLAVONOLS HPLC ANALYSIS, IN VITRO BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED HUMULUS LUPULUS L. GENOTYPES

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Maria Maliarova ◽  
Tibor Maliar ◽  
Jana Girmanova ◽  
Jozef Lehotay ◽  
Jan Kraic
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
Bitter Acids ◽  
High Level ◽  
Beer Production ◽  
Structural Classes

Abstract The Humulus lupulus L. is well known as necessary raw material for beer production. The main structural classes of chemical compounds identified from hop cones include terpenes, bitter acids, prenylated chalcones, and flavonol glycosides. They were subjects of presented work. The content of quercetin was found in the range 490 - 1092 μg/g and that of kaempferol from 218 to 568 μg/g of the dry hop cones. The content of isorhamnetin was very low in all varieties. From biological activities in vitro point of view, relative high level of inhibition activity was observed for six hop genotypes - Zlatan, Lučan, and the Oswald's clones 31, 70, 71, 72, 114 on both enzymes thrombin and urokinase, but without correlation to analyzed flavonols content. In spite of this, antioxidant activity, measured by both the BCLM and HPE methods, was found high and seem to be in correlation with content of analyzed flavonols. Particularly the Oswald's clone 114 expressed very potent biological activities. In general, obtained results indicate that hop cones are valuable material also for other application others than beer production.

scholarly journals Sub- and Supercritical Extraction of Slovenian Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) Aurora Variety Using Different Solvents

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1137
Author(s):  
Katja Bizaj ◽  
Mojca Škerget ◽  
Iztok Jože Košir ◽  
Željko Knez
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Influence Of Process Parameters ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
Bitter Acids ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Mathematical Model

This work investigates the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction of hops with a variety of solvents including carbon dioxide (CO2), propane, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and dimethyl ether (DME) at various densities (low-density and high-density). Operating parameters were 50 bar, 100 bar and 150 bar and 20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C for all solvents, respectively. The influence of process parameters on the total yield of extraction and content of bitter acids in the extracts has been investigated. The mathematical model based on Fick’s second law well described the experimental extraction results. Furthermore, HPLC analysis has been used to determine α- and β-acids in extracts. The yield of bitter compounds in hop extracts was largely influenced by the type of solvent, the temperature and pressure applied during extraction. The results show that CO2 and propane were roughly equivalent to DME in solvating power, while SF6 was a poor solvent at the same conditions. The highest yield as well as the highest concentration of bitter acids in extracts were obtained by using DME, where the optimal operating conditions were 40 °C and 100 bar for the extraction of α-acids (max. concentration 9.6%), 60 °C and 50 bar for the extraction of β-acids (4.5%) and 60 °C and 150 bar for the maximum extraction yield (25.6%).

Information Rich Systems and User's Goals and Information Needs

2006 ◽  
pp. 338-343
Author(s):  
Michael J. Albers
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Task Analysis ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Complex Problems ◽  
Linear Sequence ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
High Level

Currently, most of the Web is designed from the viewpoint of helping people who know what they want but need help accomplishing it. User goals may range from buying a new computer to making vacation plans. Yet, these are simple tasks that can be accomplished with a linear sequence of events. With information-rich sites, the linear sequence breaks down, and a straightforward process to provide users with information in a useful format does not exist. Users come to information-rich sites with complex problems they want to solve. Reaching a solution requires meeting goals and subgoals by finding the proper information. Complex problems are often ill-structured; realistically, the complete sequence can’t even be defined because of users’ tendencies to jump around within the data and to abandon the sequence at varying points (Klein, 1999). To reach the answer, people need the information properly positioned within the situation context (Albers, 2003; Mirel, 2003a). System support for such problems requires users to be given properly integrated information that will assist in problem solving and decision making. Complex problems normally involve high-level reasoning and open-ended problem solving. Consequently, designer expectations of stable requirements and the ability to perform an exhaustive task analysis fall short of reality (Rouse & Valusek, 1993). While conventional task analysis works for well-defined domains, it fails for the ill-structured domains of information-rich sites (Albers, 2004). Instead of exhaustive task analysis, the designer must shift to an analysis focused on providing a clear understanding of the situation from the user’s point of view and the user’s goals and information needs.

scholarly journals Variation across Species and Levels: Implications for Model Species Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg F. Striedter
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Orthologous Gene ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Generation Times ◽  
High Level

The selection of model species tends to involve two typically unstated assumptions, namely: (1) that the similarity between species decreases steadily with phylogenetic distance, and (2) that similarities are greater at lower levels of biological organization. The first assumption holds on average, but species similarities tend to decrease with the square root of divergence time, rather than linearly, and lineages with short generation times (which includes most model species) tend to diverge faster than average, making the decrease in similarity non-monotonic. The second assumption is more difficult to test. Comparative molecular research has traditionally emphasized species similarities over differences, whereas comparative research at higher levels of organization frequently highlights the species differences. However, advances in comparative genomics have brought to light a great variety of species differences, not just in gene regulation but also in protein coding genes. Particularly relevant are cases in which homologous high-level characters are based on non-homologous genes. This phenomenon of non-orthologous gene displacement, or “deep non-homology,” indicates that species differences at the molecular level can be surprisingly large. Given these observations, it is not surprising that some findings obtained in model species do not generalize across species as well as researchers had hoped, even if the research is molecular.

Chalcone synthase homologous genes cloning and expression pattern in flowering Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 790-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Yao ◽  
H. X. Zhao ◽  
X. P. Luo ◽  
F. Gao ◽  
H. P. Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Cloning And Expression ◽  
Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽  
Homologous Genes

scholarly journals The complete sequence of the Cydia pomonella granulovirus genome

2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 2531-2547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Luque ◽  
Ruth Finch ◽  
Norman Crook ◽  
David R. O’Reilly ◽  
Doreen Winstanley
Keyword(s):  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Autographa Californica ◽  
Glycoprotein Gene ◽  
Repeat Sequences ◽  
Budded Virus ◽  
Cydia Pomonella Granulovirus ◽  
High Level ◽  
Imperfect Palindrome

The nucleotide sequence of the DNA genome of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) was determined and analysed. The genome is composed of 123500 bp and has a G+C content of 45·2%. It contains 143 ORFs of 150 nucleotides or more that show minimal overlap. One-hundred-and-eighteen (82·5%) of these putative genes are homologous to genes previously identified in other baculoviruses. Among them, 73 are homologous to genes of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), whereas 108 and 98 are homologous to genes of Xestia c-nigrum GV (XcGV) and Plutella xylostella GV (PxGV), respectively. These homologues show on average 37·4% overall amino acid sequence identity to those from AcMNPV and 45% to those from XcGV and PxGV. The CpGV gene content was compared to that of other baculoviruses. Several genes reported to have major roles in baculovirus biology were not found in the CpGV genome, such as gp64, the major budded virus glycoprotein gene in some nucleopolyhedroviruses, and lef-7, involved in DNA replication. However, the CpGV genome encodes the large and small subunits of ribonucleotide reductase, three inhibitor of apoptosis (iap) homologues and two protein tyrosine phosphatases. The CpGV, PxGV and XcGV genomes present a noticeably high level of conservation of gene order and orientation. A striking feature of the CpGV genome is the absence of typical homologous repeat sequences. However, it contains one major repeat region and 13 copies of a single 73–77 bp imperfect palindrome.

scholarly journals No-choice ovipositional nonpreference of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B biotype on tomato genotypes

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Auxiliadora de Godoy Oriani ◽  
José Djair Vendramim ◽  
Cristina Jensen Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Ovipositional Preference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Type V ◽  
Tomato Genotypes ◽  
B Biotype

Brazil is one of the main tomato producers worldwide. Nevertheless, 40 to 70% of the production is lost due to Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B biotype attacks. Resistant plant germplasm can be an important method for controlling this pest in an integrated pest management program. This research aimed to evaluate the no-choice ovipositional preference of B. tabaci B biotype on 18 tomato genotypes with different densities and types of trichomes testing two screening techniques and to determine the influence of trichomes on whitefly ovipositional preference. Two methods of confinement experiments were used. Leaflets detached from the upper third part of the tomato plants (first experiment) and 30-day-old plants (second experiment) were infested with whiteflies during 24 h. For the first experiment, simple linear correlation tests between the number of insects and eggs, and number of trichomes in the tomato genotypes were carried out. The first technique was better than the second one, as it was easier to carry out and the evaluation demanded less time and as well as was effective to discriminate the resistance level of the evaluated genotypes. Glandular trichomes had a negative correlation with attracted adults and number of eggs deposited, and a positive correlation with number of trapped insects. Negative correlations were observed between number of nonglandular trichomes and trapped insects, and also between total number of trichomes and attracted and trapped insects. Positive correlations were observed between number of total trichomes and eggs cm-2 and nonglandular trichomes and number of eggs. Both confinement methods efficiently discriminated whitefly oviposition among genotypes, especially the resistant ones. High levels of antixenosis for oviposition related to type IV glandular trichomes were exhibited by genotypes LA716, PI134417 and PI134418. The high level of ovipositional preference by B. tabaci for genotypes LA1963 and NAV1062 was related to a high density of type V nonglandular trichomes.

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