scholarly journals No-choice ovipositional nonpreference of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B biotype on tomato genotypes

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Auxiliadora de Godoy Oriani ◽  
José Djair Vendramim ◽  
Cristina Jensen Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Ovipositional Preference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Type V ◽  
Tomato Genotypes ◽  
B Biotype

Brazil is one of the main tomato producers worldwide. Nevertheless, 40 to 70% of the production is lost due to Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B biotype attacks. Resistant plant germplasm can be an important method for controlling this pest in an integrated pest management program. This research aimed to evaluate the no-choice ovipositional preference of B. tabaci B biotype on 18 tomato genotypes with different densities and types of trichomes testing two screening techniques and to determine the influence of trichomes on whitefly ovipositional preference. Two methods of confinement experiments were used. Leaflets detached from the upper third part of the tomato plants (first experiment) and 30-day-old plants (second experiment) were infested with whiteflies during 24 h. For the first experiment, simple linear correlation tests between the number of insects and eggs, and number of trichomes in the tomato genotypes were carried out. The first technique was better than the second one, as it was easier to carry out and the evaluation demanded less time and as well as was effective to discriminate the resistance level of the evaluated genotypes. Glandular trichomes had a negative correlation with attracted adults and number of eggs deposited, and a positive correlation with number of trapped insects. Negative correlations were observed between number of nonglandular trichomes and trapped insects, and also between total number of trichomes and attracted and trapped insects. Positive correlations were observed between number of total trichomes and eggs cm-2 and nonglandular trichomes and number of eggs. Both confinement methods efficiently discriminated whitefly oviposition among genotypes, especially the resistant ones. High levels of antixenosis for oviposition related to type IV glandular trichomes were exhibited by genotypes LA716, PI134417 and PI134418. The high level of ovipositional preference by B. tabaci for genotypes LA1963 and NAV1062 was related to a high density of type V nonglandular trichomes.

scholarly journals Nonpreference of whitefly for oviposition in tomato genotypes

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Cláudia Toscano ◽  
Arlindo Leal Boiça Jr. ◽  
Wilson Itamar Maruyama
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Lycopersicon Pennellii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Biotype B ◽  
Tomato Genotypes

The silverleaf whitefly is one of most important pests of tomato (Lycopersicon spp.). The use of host plant resistance to control this insect is an interesting, potentially useful technique, but in demand of more research. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the oviposition non-preference of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) biotype B for different tomato plant genotypes, evaluating the correlation between oviposition preference and pubescence in the genotypes, and analyzing the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of Lycopersicon pennellii leaflets under the scanning electron microscope. Four wild tomato genotypes, LA 716 (L. pennellii); PI 127826 and PI 127827 (L. hirsutum); PI 134417 (L. hirsutum f. glabratum), and two commercial genotypes, Santa Clara and Bruna VFN hybrid (L. esculentum) were evaluated for number of eggs cm-2 in free and no-choice oviposition tests, using randomized block design and completely randomized design, respectively. The number of trichome was measured in 4 mm² and coefficients of correlation between number of trichomes and number of eggs were calculated. The wild genotypes LA 716 and PI 134417 were less preferred showing oviposition nonpreference resistance type in both tests. The Bruna VFN and Santa Clara were more preferred in free-choice test, while wild genotypes PI 127826 and PI 127827 were more preferred in no-choice test. L. pennellii leaflets presented glandular trichomes type IV in both surfaces. Santa Clara genotype presented higher density of trichomes, and B. tabaci biotype B presented higher preference to oviposition.

scholarly journals Whitefly Resistance Traits Derived from the Wild Tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium Affect the Preference and Feeding Behavior of Bemisia tabaci and Reduce the Spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. 1191-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Rodríguez-López ◽  
E. Garzo ◽  
J. P. Bonani ◽  
A. Fereres ◽  
R. Fernández-Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Tomato Yellow Leaf ◽  
Yellow Leaf ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
Solanum Pimpinellifolium ◽  
Wild Tomato ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
Leaf Curl

Breeding of tomato genotypes that limit whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) access and feeding might reduce the spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) that is the causal agent of tomato yellow leaf curl disease. TYLCV is restricted to the phloem and is transmitted in a persistent manner by B. tabaci. The tomato breeding line ABL 14-8 was developed by introgressing type IV leaf glandular trichomes and secretion of acylsucroses from the wild tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium accession TO-937 into the genetic background of the whitefly- and virus-susceptible tomato cultivar Moneymaker. Results of preference bioassays with ABL 14-8 versus Moneymaker indicated that presence of type IV glandular trichomes and the production of acylsucrose deterred the landing and settling of B. tabaci on ABL 14-8. Moreover, electrical penetration graph studies indicated that B. tabaci adults spent more time in nonprobing activities and showed a reduced ability to start probing. Such behavior resulted in a reduced ability to reach the phloem. The superficial type of resistance observed in ABL 14-8 against B. tabaci probing significantly reduced primary and secondary spread of TYLCV.

scholarly journals Biology of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) B biotype (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) on tomato genotypes

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Auxiliadora de Godoy Oriani ◽  
José Djair Vendramim ◽  
Cristina Jensen Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Tomato Genotypes ◽  
B Biotype

Brazil is one of the main tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) producers worldwide. Nevertheless, considerable part of the production is lost due to Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) B biotype attacks. Resistant plants can be an important method for controlling this pest in an integrated pest management. Tests for evaluating some biological aspects of B. tabaci were carried out on 18 tomato genotypes, in controlled laboratory greenhouse conditions. Thirty-day-old plants placed in plastic cages were infested with 20 whitefly pairs each, for 24 h. The development of at least 30 eggs in three leaflets per plant (repetition) was observed until adult emergence. The development period of insects grown in LA1335, PI365928 and LA722 genotypes took three days longer when compared to the ones grown in PI134418 (20.3 days). The highest mortality rate of whitefly nymphs occurred in PI365928, LA1335 and LA722 genotypes (63.8, 54.5 and 53.3%, respectively), and the smallest ones in IAC294 and IAC68F-22-2 genotypes (4.9 e 6.2%, respectively). LA1335, PI365928 and LA722 genotypes presented moderate feeding nonpreference and/or antibiosis-based resistance to B. tabaci B biotype.

scholarly journals Role of themecAGene in Oxacillin Resistance in a Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Strain with apvl-Positive ST59 Genetic Background

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 1047-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng-Jui Chen ◽  
Chen-Her Wang ◽  
Ching-Yi Chen ◽  
Yu-Chieh Hsu ◽  
Kaun-Ting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance ◽  
Mrsa Strains ◽  
Type V ◽  
Promoter Mutations

ABSTRACTThe most prevalent community-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(C-MRSA) strains in Taiwan, sequence type 59 (ST59) clones, carry staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec(SCCmec) type V and, to a lesser extent, type IV. These strains show wide variation in sensitivity to oxacillin, but the reasons for this variation are unknown. Here we compared the sequences of themecAgenes from clinical strains of different SCCmectypes and found that they contain differentmecApromoter mutations. Analysis ofmecApromoter activity by reporter gene fusions showed that single base substitutions in the promoter have a strong influence onmecAtranscription. The differentmecAvariants, including promoter sequences, were expressed in the methicillin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA) strain C195 (ST59 background). PBP 2a production among the parental strains and strains with promoter mutantmecAgenes showed a close correlation withmecAtranscription levels. Furthermore, the quantity of PBP 2a also closely correlated with the level of oxacillin resistance in the C195 background. Our data suggest thatmecApromoter mutations play an important role in determining the level of oxacillin resistance. ThemecApromoter mutation G-25A (25 bases upstream of themecAtranslation start site) was found to be associated with a high oxacillin MIC (256 μg/ml), G-7T conferred a moderate oxacillin MIC (32 to 64 μg/ml), strains with C-33T showed a low oxacillin MIC (4 to 8 μg/ml), and A-38G reversed the effect of the C-33T mutation, restoring the oxacillin resistance level in the A-38G C-33T double mutant. These observations may explain why C-MRSA strains in Taiwan carrying SCCmectype IV or V have such enormous variations in oxacillin MICs.

scholarly journals Glandular trichomes that mediate resistance to green peach aphid in tomato genotypes from the cross between S. galapagense and S. lycopersicum

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. e42704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Antonio Da Silva ◽  
Regis De Castro Carvalho ◽  
Marcela Carvalho Andrade ◽  
André Ricardo Zeist ◽  
Juliano Tadeu Vilela Resende ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Leaf Trichomes ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Resistance Tests ◽  
Tomato Genotypes

 The aim of this study was to verify the resistance of tomato genotypes (crossed with Solanum galapagense) to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the association of this resistance with glandular trichomes. Leaf trichomes were quantified for seven F2 genotypes of the BPX-486 population derived from crossing S. lycopersicum ‘TOM-684’ and S. galapagense accession ‘LA-1401’, for the commercial controls ‘TOM-584’ and ‘Santa Clara’, and for the accession ‘LA-1401’. After this evaluation, the genotypes were subjected to two nonpreference resistance tests of the green peach aphid in the laboratory, one with choice and the other without choice. Five genotypes (BPX-486-17, BPX-486-62, BPX-486-10, BPX-486-46, and BPX-486-08) and the accession LA-1401 exhibited a high density of type IV glandular trichomes and a lower mean number of nymphs and adults of M. persicae than two genotypes (BPX-486-313 and BPX-486-383) and the controls with a low density of glandular trichomes, in all the evaluations of both tests. Significant negative correlations between the density of type IV glandular trichomes of the tomato genotypes and the preference of M. persicae were found, which confirms the association between this type of glandular trichome and resistance to M. persicae in tomato genotypes.

The distribution and density of ciliary tufts on the siphons of Anodonta cygnea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-519
Author(s):  
Wen-lung Wu
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Sensory Receptors ◽  
Anodonta Cygnea ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Inhalant Siphon ◽  
Type V

The mantle of bivalves has come entirely to enclose the laterally compressed body and the mantle margin has assumed a variety of functions, one of the pricipal ones being sensory. Ciliary tufts, which are probably sensory, have been reported from the mantle and siphons of several bivalves1∽4. Certain regions of the mantle margin are likely to be more or less, sensitive to certain stimuli than others. The inhalant siphon is likely to be particularly sensitive to both chemical and mechanical stimuli, whereas the exhalant siphon will be less sensitive to both. The distribution and density of putative sensory receptors on the in-and ex-halant siphon is compared in this paper.The excised siphons were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, the whole procedure of SEM study is recorded in Wu's thesis.Type II cilia cover the tips of tentacles, 6.13um. Type IV and type V cilia are found on the surface of tentacles. Type IV cilia are occasionally present at the tips of tentacles, 8 um long. They are the commonest type on the surface of tentacles. Type VI cilia occor in the internal surface of the inhalant siphon, but are not found on the surface of tentacles, 6.7-10um long.

scholarly journals A novel non-trichome based whitefly resistance QTL in Solanum galapagense

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris Santegoets ◽  
Marcella Bovio ◽  
Wendy van’t Westende ◽  
Roeland E. Voorrips ◽  
Ben Vosman
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Greenhouse Whitefly ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Type Iv

AbstractThe greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum is a major threat in tomato cultivation. In greenhouse grown tomatoes non-trichome based whitefly resistance may be better suited than glandular trichome based resistance as glandular trichomes may interfere with biocontrol, which is widely used. Analysis of a collection of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum galapagense showed resistance to the whitefly T. vaporariorum on plants without glandular trichomes type IV. The resistance affected whitefly adult survival (AS), but not oviposition rate. This indicates that S. galapagense, in addition to trichome based resistance, also carries non-trichome based resistance components. The effectiveness of the non-trichome based resistance appeared to depend on the season in which the plants were grown. The resistance also had a small but significant effect on the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, but not on the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. A segregating F2 population was created to map the non-trichome based resistance. Two Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for reduced AS of T. vaporariorum were mapped on chromosomes 12 and 7 (explaining 13.9% and 6.0% of the variance respectively). The QTL on chromosome 12 was validated in F3 lines.

scholarly journals Distribution of virulence genes and SCCmec types among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of clinical and environmental origin: a study from community of Assam, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepshikha Bhowmik ◽  
Shiela Chetri ◽  
Bhaskar Jyoti Das ◽  
Debadatta Dhar Chanda ◽  
Amitabha Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Type I ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Clinical Community ◽  
Type V ◽  
Sccmec Types

Abstract Objective This study was designed to discover the dissemination of virulence genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical, community and environmental settings. Results This study includes 1165 isolates collected from hospital, community and environmental settings. Among them sixty three were confirmed as MRSA with varied SCCmec types viz; type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI, type VII, type VIII and type XII. The virulence gene such as sea (n = 54), seb (n = 21), eta (n = 27), etb (n = 2), cna (n = 24), ica (n = 2) and tst (n = 30) was also revealed from this study. The study underscores coexistence of resistance cassette and virulence genes among clinical and environment isolates which is first of its kind from this part of the world.

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