scholarly journals Comparison of starch digestibility methods for extruded wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Homolková ◽  
Vladimír Plachý ◽  
Anna Maňourová ◽  
Michal Kaválek ◽  
Václav Dvořáček ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Time Space ◽  
In Vivo Testing

This study compared different methods of determining starch digestibility (in vivo vs in vitro) in wheat grains and evaluated the influence of extrusion on digestibility. In vivo starch digestibility was determined in broiler chickens by calculating the residual starch content in their ilea and the digestibility using a chromium oxide indicator. In vitro digestibility was examined using pepsin and pancreatin. During in vivo testing, the highest digestibility coefficient (DC) was achieved by the Bonanza variety in its extruded form (91.19 ± 0.40%). In contrast, the lowest DC was achieved by the Tobak variety in its non-extruded form (81.45 ± 1.92%). Generally, a higher DC was observed in vivo for extruded forms of wheat. During in vitro testing, the highest DC was achieved by the Stefii variety in its non-extruded form (96.10 ± 0.55%), whereas the lowest DC was observed in the Yetti variety in its extruded form (49.72 ± 0.41%). Overall, the in vitro experiments did not exhibit significant differences between extruded and non-extruded forms of wheat. Linear regression analysis showed a strong relationship (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.860; 85.98%) between in vivo- and in vitro-derived DC values in all wheat varieties, both in extruded and non-extruded forms. The study showed that in vivo testing is a suitable method for the determination and control of starch levels in extruded materials. However, despite the accuracy of this technique, it is also very demanding in terms of time, space, equipment, and methodological knowledge. Therefore, based on the strong correlation between the in vivo and in vitro assays, we recommend in vitro digestibility testing as a preferable alternative.  

scholarly journals In vitro techniques for the assessment of the nutritive value of feed grains for pigs: a review

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Moughan
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Plant Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy

The philosophy inherent in developing in vitro digestibility assays for dietary energy and protein is reviewed and an historical account is given of the development of such assays for the pig. General principles to be considered in the development of in vitro digestibility assays are discussed, as are limitations of the in vitro approach. The importance of choosing the most appropriate in vivo measures of digestibility for the evaluation of in vitro assays is stressed. For protein sources that do not contain anti-nutritional factors or plant fibre, ‘true’ ileal digestibility should be the in vivo baseline, while plant proteins should be tested against ‘real’ ileal digestibility. There is a dearth of adequately conducted validation studies for in vitro digestibility assays. It appears that the 3-step (pepsin, pancreatin, Viscozyme) closed in vitro system to allow prediction of organic matter and gross energy digestibility in the pig has particular promise for practical feed evaluation. Similarly based protein digestibility assays may require further development before they can be applied with confidence.

scholarly journals Targeted Pathway-based In Vivo Testing Using Thyroperoxidase Inhibition to Evaluate Plasma Thyroxine as a Surrogate Metric of Metamorphic Success in Model Amphibian Xenopus laevis

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan T Haselman ◽  
Jennifer H Olker ◽  
Patricia A Kosian ◽  
Joseph J Korte ◽  
Joseph A Swintek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Adverse Outcome Pathway ◽  
Sodium Iodide Symporter ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
Compensatory Response ◽  
Amphibian Metamorphosis ◽  
In Vivo Testing

Abstract Chemical safety evaluation is in the midst of a transition from traditional whole-animal toxicity testing to molecular pathway-based in vitro assays and in silico modeling. However, to facilitate the shift in reliance on apical effects for risk assessment to predictive surrogate metrics having characterized linkages to chemical mechanisms of action, targeted in vivo testing is necessary to establish these predictive relationships. In this study, we demonstrate a means to predict thyroid-related metamorphic success in the model amphibian Xenopus laevis using relevant biochemical measurements during early prometamorphosis. The adverse outcome pathway for thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to altered amphibian metamorphosis was used to inform a pathway-based in vivo study design that generated response-response relationships. These causal relationships were used to develop Bayesian probabilistic network models that mathematically determine conditional dependencies between biochemical nodes and support the predictive capability of the biochemical profiles. Plasma thyroxine concentrations were the most predictive of metamorphic success with improved predictivity when thyroid gland sodium-iodide symporter gene expression levels (a compensatory response) were used in conjunction with plasma thyroxine as an additional regressor. Although thyroid-mediated amphibian metamorphosis has been studied for decades, this is the first time a predictive relationship has been characterized between plasma thyroxine and metamorphic success. Linking these types of biochemical surrogate metrics to apical outcomes is vital to facilitate the transition to the new paradigm of chemical safety assessments.

Screening of Antibiotics against β-amyloid as Anti-amyloidogenic Agents: A Drug Repurposing Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jahangir Alam ◽  
Varun Jaiswal ◽  
Lalit Sharma
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Docking Simulation ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Main Culprit ◽  
In Vivo Testing ◽  
Β Amyloid

Background: β-amyloid (Aβ) production and aggregation is the main culprit of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is becoming crisis where no treatment available for halting the disease progression. Antibiotics are used not only to treat infections, but also some of the non-contagious diseases and have found active as anti-amyloidogenic agents. Objective: The work aim’s to investigate anti-amyloidogenic activity of antibiotics as re-purposing agents via inhibiting Aβ aggregation and fibril formation employing in-silico and in-vitro approaches. Mehtods: In-silico screening was designed with receptor and ligand preparation, grid formation, docking simulation and its analysis. Thioflavin T-amyloid binding and protease-digestion studies were intended as in-vitro assays. The pharmacological potential of antibiotics as anti-amyloidogenic agents was assessed by these methods. Results: Paromomycin and Neomycin were identified with higher order of estimated free energy of binding in in-silico sreening. In in-vitro screening, paromomycin significantly (p<0.01) reduced the fluorescence intensity and resistance to tryptic degradation of Aβ(1-42) peptides while neomycin had no or little effect (p<0.01) when compared to control. Results from docking and wet lab studies were found in correlation. Conclusion: Paromomycin exhibited higher anti-Aβ aggregating and defibrillogenic activity than neomycin and leaves an indication for further in-vivo testing and could be a future promising anti-amyloidal candidate for the treatment of several amyloidoses.

In Vivo And In Vitro Comparisons Of Anti-Inhibitor Coagulant Concentrates (AICC) For Hemophilic Therapy

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Pancham ◽  
M A Fournel ◽  
M H Coan
Keyword(s):  
No Value ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Venous Stasis ◽  
Fviii Inhibitor ◽  
In Vivo Testing ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Circulating Antibodies

In FVIII:C deficient persons, who also have circulating antibodies to the molecule, replacement therapy with FVIII concentrates elevates the antibody level and is of limited or no value. Treatment with prothrombin complex concentrates, however, has had varying degrees of success in these patients depending on the significance of the bleed.Currently available Anti-Inhibitor Coagulant Concentrates (AICC), containing factors II, VII, IX, and X in their nonactivated as well as activated forms, have been shown to be effective in controlling bleeds in some of these patients.Two commercially available AICC products and two research preparations were evaluated using conventional in vitro clotting techniques. In vivo assays were also performed in animal systems using the Wessler venous stasis assay. Despite similarities by in vitro assays, striking differences exist in the results obtained using the animal systems. As shown by the Wessler venous stasis assay for in vivo testing, the materials are much more active (at least an order of magnitude) than currently manufactured factor IX concentrates.In vitro clotting assays that are now available (namely factors II, VII, IX, X, IIa, Xa, NAPTT, FVIII correctional activity, and FVIII inhibitor bypassing activity assays) do not necessarily predict the in vivo efficacy of these AICC products. Furthermore, there is no correlation between the FVIII correctional activity and the FVIII inhibitor bypassing activity assays which are now being used to monitor these preparations.

scholarly journals Impact of Oral Mastication on the in vitro Digestibility of Pigmented and Non-Pigmented Rice Varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1148-1160
Keyword(s):  
Amylose Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Pigmented Rice ◽  
Rice Samples ◽  
Oral Processing

The extent of starch hydrolysis and glycemic index (GI) of foods depends on how it is orally processed, but many in vitro digestion studies failed to consider the oral phase of digestion. This research aimed to understand the relationship between oral mastication and GI of rice. For this study, different rice varieties (pigmented and non-pigmented) were selected and analyzed for their physicochemical properties. The amylose content for all rice varieties was higher than 25%, with the starch content of 68.68 ± 0.70% - 81.60 ± 1.78%. Temporal dominance of sensation was determined for rice samples to understand the consumers' sensory preferences towards the pigmented rice varieties. In vivo oral mastication studies were also performed for the rice varieties, in which significant differences were observed amongst pigmented and non-pigmented rice samples. The particle size for pigmented rice varieties after in vivo oral mastication was significantly larger (50% particles greater than 2 mm; due to its intact morphology) than non-pigmented rice. The significant impact of oral processing on the GI of rice irrespective of the varieties was also observed in this study. Thus, this research sheds light on the need for oral processing for in vitro digestion studies.

A in Vivo Assay for Standardizing Heparin Preparations

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (03) ◽  
pp. 576-582
Author(s):  
A R Pomeroy
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
British Pharmacopoeia ◽  
In Vitro Method ◽  
Standard Preparation ◽  
Reliable Estimation ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Heparin Preparation

SummaryThe limitations of currently used in vitro assays of heparin have demonstrated the need for an in vivo method suitable for routine use.The in vivo method which is described in this paper uses, for each heparin preparation, four groups of five mice which are injected intravenously with heparin according to a “2 and 2 dose assay” procedure. The method is relatively rapid, requiring 3 to 4 hours to test five heparin preparations against a standard preparation of heparin. Levels of accuracy and precision acceptable for the requirements of the British Pharmacopoeia are obtained by combining the results of 3 to 4 assays of a heparin preparation.The similarity of results obtained the in vivo method and the in vitro method of the British Pharmacopoeia for heparin preparations of lung and mucosal origin validates this in vivo method and, conversely, demonstrates that the in vitro method of the British Pharmacopoeia gives a reliable estimation of the in vivo activity of heparin.

Potentially Thrombogenic Materials in Factor IX Concentrates

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 617-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S Kingdon ◽  
R. L Lundblad ◽  
J. J Veltkamp ◽  
D. L Aronson
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Substantial Agreement ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation

SummaryFactor IX concentrates manufactured from human plasma and intended for therapeutic infusion in man have been suspected for some time of being potentially thrombogenic. In the current studies, assays were carried out in vitro and in vivo for potentially thrombogenic materials. It was possible to rank the various materials tested according to the amount of thrombogenic material detected. For concentrates not containing heparin, there was substantial agreement between the in vivo and in vitro assays, with a coefficient of correlation of 0.77. There was no correlation between the assays for thrombogenicity and the antithrombin III content. We conclude that many presently available concentrates of Factor IX contain substantial amounts of potentially thrombogenic enzymes, and that this fact must be considered in arriving at the decision whether or not to use them therapeutically.

High-Pressure Homogenization Alters Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Digestibility of Chinese Yam (Dioscorea Opposita Thunb.) Starch

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Wang Yi-Wei ◽  
He Yong-Zhao ◽  
An Feng-Ping ◽  
Huang Qun ◽  
Zeng Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
High Pressure Homogenization ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Cross Polarization ◽  
Chinese Yam ◽  
Crystal Type

In this study, Chinese yam starch-water suspension (8%) were subjected to high-pressure homogenization (HPH) at 100 MPa for increasing cycle numbers, and its effect of on the physicochemical properties of the starch was investigated. Results of the polarizing microscope observations showed that the starch granules were disrupted (i.e. greater breakdown value) after HPH treatment, followed by a decrease in cross polarization. After three HPH cycles, the crystallinity of starch decreased, while the crystal type remained unaltered. Meanwhile, the contents of rapidly digestible starch and slowly digestible starch were increased. On the contrary, resistant starch content was decreased. Our results indicate that HPH treatment resulted in reduction of starch crystallinity and increase of starch digestibility.

In-silico Studies of Isolated Phytoalkaloid Against Lipoxygenase: Study Based on Possible Correlation

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-221
Author(s):  
Haroon Khan ◽  
Muhammad Zafar ◽  
Helena Den-Haan ◽  
Horacio Perez-Sanchez ◽  
Mohammad Amjad Kamal
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Lipoxygenase Inhibitors ◽  
Lipoxygenase Inhibition ◽  
In Silico Studies

Aim and Objective: Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes play an important role in the pathophysiology of several inflammatory and allergic diseases including bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inhibitors of the LOX are believed to be an ideal approach in the treatment of diseases caused by its over-expression. In this regard, several synthetic and natural agents are under investigation worldwide. Alkaloids are the most thoroughly investigated class of natural compounds with outstanding past in clinically useful drugs. In this article, we have discussed various alkaloids of plant origin that have already shown lipoxygenase inhibition in-vitro with possible correlation in in silico studies. Materials and Methods: Molecular docking studies were performed using MOE (Molecular Operating Environment) software. Among the ten reported LOX alkaloids inhibitors, derived from plant, compounds 4, 2, 3 and 1 showed excellent docking scores and receptor sensitivity. Result and Conclusion: These compounds already exhibited in vitro lipoxygenase inhibition and the MOE results strongly correlated with the experimental results. On the basis of these in vitro assays and computer aided results, we suggest that these compounds need further detail in vivo studies and clinical trial for the discovery of new more effective and safe lipoxygenase inhibitors. In conclusion, these results might be useful in the design of new and potential lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors.

Discovery of 3-Cinnamamido-N-Substituted Benzamides as Potential Antimalarial Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haicheng Liu ◽  
Yushi Futamura ◽  
Honghai Wu ◽  
Aki Ishiyama ◽  
Taotao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Compound Library ◽  
Antimalarial Agents ◽  
Phenotypic Screen ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Substituted Benzamides

Background: Malaria is one of the most devastating parasitic diseases, yet the discovery of antimalarial agents remains profoundly challenging. Very few new antimalarials have been developed in the past 50 years, while the emergence of drug-resistance continues to appear. Objective: This study focuses on the discovery, design, synthesis, and antimalarial evaluation of 3-cinnamamido-N-substituted benzamides. Method: In this study, a screening of our compound library was carried out against the multidrug-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain. Derivatives of the hit were designed, synthesized and tested against P. falciparum 3D7 and the in vivo antimalarial activity of the most active compounds was evaluated using the method of Peters’ 4-day suppressive test. Results: The retrieved hit compound 1 containing a 3-cinnamamido-N-substituted benzamide skeleton showed moderate antimalarial activity (IC50 = 1.20 µM) for the first time. A series of derivatives were then synthesized through a simple four-step workflow, and half of them exhibited slightly better antimalarial effect than the precursor 1 during the subsequent in vitro assays. Additionally, compounds 11, 23, 30 and 31 displayed potent activity with IC50 values of approximately 0.1 µM, and weak cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. However, in vivo antimalarial activity is not effective which might be ascribed to the poor solubility of these compounds. Conclusion: In this study, phenotypic screen of our compound library resulted in the first report of 3-cinnamamide framework with antimalarial activity and 40 derivatives were then designed and synthesized. Subsequent structure-activity studies showed that compounds 11, 23, 30 and 31 exhibited the most potent and selective activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain with IC50 values around 0.1 µM. Our work herein sets another example of phenotypic screen-based drug discovery, leading to potentially promising candidates of novel antimalarial agents once given further optimization.

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