scholarly journals  The level of udder emptying and milk flow stability in Tsigai, Improved Valachian, and Lacaune ewes during machine milking

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 240-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mačuhová ◽  
V. Tančin ◽  
M. Uhrinčať ◽  
J. Mačuhová
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Flow Curve ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Flow Curves ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
The Stability ◽  
June July ◽  
Daily Milk

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the stability of milk flow curves and the volume of residual milk in relation to milk flow curves in breeds Tsigai, Improved Valachian, and Lacaune (n = 16 heads per breed) milked twice daily. Milk flow type stability was evaluated at morning milking (stabile milkings) during three successive days in the middle of two months (June, July). After the following fourth morning milking (OT milkings) in both months, oxytocin was injected intravenously at a dose of 2 UI. Afterwards the ewes were milked again in order to remove residual milk. The milk flow curves were classified into four types: 1 peak (1P), 2 peaks (2P), plateau I (maximal milk flow over 0.4 l/min) (PLI), plateau II (maximal milk flow less than 0.4 l/min) (PLII). If all milk flow curves of one animal were of the same type within one month and within both months, respectively, the animal was characterized as the ewe with the stabile type of milk flow. Frequency of occurrence of single milk flow types (1P : 2P : PLI : PLII) during stabile milkings was 42 : 49 : 9 : 0% in June and 51 : 37.5 : 11.5 : 0% in July. 33 ewes (i.e. 69%) had the stabile type of milk flow within both months. But, more than 51% of them had 1P type of milk flow. Milk production varied according to milk flow curve during OT milkings (0.427 ± 0.015, 0.498 ± 0.024, and 0.655 ± 0.035 l for 1P, 2P, and PLI, respectively). The highest percentage of residual milk from total milk yield (RM/TMY) was observed in ewes with 1P (20.29 ± 0.85%), followed by ewes with PLI (12.31 ± 1.99%) and 2P (9.72 ± 1.36%) (P < 0.0001). Lacaune ewes had the lowest amount of residual milk (0.054 ± 0.006 l) and RM/TMY (9.86 ± 1.16%) compared to breeds Tsigai (0.088 ± 0.008 l; 16.47 ± 1.44%) and Improved Valachian (0.069 ± 0.010 l; 15.99 ± 1.78%) indicating their better udder emptying.  

scholarly journals The first observation of milkability of the sheep breeds Tsigai, Improved Valachian and their crosses with Lacaune

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 528-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mačuhová ◽  
M. Uhrinčať ◽  
J. Mačuhová ◽  
M. Margetín ◽  
V. Tančin
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Flow Curves ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Electronic Recording ◽  
Milk Level ◽  
Suitable Potential

The aim of this study was to evaluate the milkability of two purebred breeds Tsigai (TS, <i>n</i> = 14) and Improved Valachian (IV, <i>n</i> = 15), their crosses with Lacaune 50% TS × 50% LC (<i>n</i> = 13), 50% IV × 50% LC (<i>n</i> = 9) and purebred Lacaune (LC, <i>n</i> = 19). The measurements of the milk flow were performed on day 90 ± 10 of lactation during evening machine milking. The recording of milk flow was carried out by the equipment for graduated electronic recording of milk level in a jar in one-second intervals. The milk flow curves were classified into four types: 1 peak (1P), 2 peaks (2P), plateau I (maximal milk flow over 0.4 l/min (PLI)), plateau II (maximal milk flow less than 0.4 l/min (PLII)). The last two types refer to ewes with steady milk flow during milking. Udder morphology traits were measured (cisternal depth, teat angle) and subjectively assessed by the use of linear scores (cistern depth, teat position). The average total milk yield was 0.335 ± 0.043, 0.392 ± 0.042, 0.407 ± 0.042 l in purebred TS, IV, LC resp. and 0.397 ± 0.046, 0.434 ± 0.056 l in crosses TS × LC and IV × LC, resp. The frequency of occurrence of different types of milk flow /1P:2P:PLI:PLII/ was 27, 47, 22, 4%, resp. The highest milk yield was observed in ewes with PLI (0.481 ± 0.045 l), followed by 2P (0.401 ± 0.029 l) and 1P (0.293 ± 0.036 l) type of milk flow curve (<i>P</i> = 0.0112). An opposite effect was observed in the percentage of machine stripping yield where 1P had 41.94 ± 3.83%, 2P 21.29 ± 3.04% and PLI 15.90 ± 4.70% (<i>P</i> < 0.0001). LC and TS × LC, IV × LC had the more horizontal teat position than TS and IV. It can be supposed that at least during around 69% milkings the sheep released oxytocin in response to machine milking and that TS, IV and their crosses with LC also have a suitable potential for machine milking.

scholarly journals Teatcups with automatic valves in machine milking of goats

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Manzur ◽  
José Ramón Díaz ◽  
Nemesio Fernández ◽  
Sebastià Balasch ◽  
Cristòfol Peris
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Animal Groups ◽  
Intramammary Infection ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Livestock Farms

This Research Paper addresses the hypothesis that using teatcups with automatic valves, without cutting off the vacuum prior to cluster removal, could increases the risk of mastitis and affect other milking variables on goats. A first trial used 46 intramammary infection (IMI)-free goats that had been milked with normal teatcups (without automatic valves) during a pre-experimental period of 8 ± 2 d postpartum. These animals were divided into two groups (n = 23), randomly assigning each group to teatcups with automatic valves (teatcups A) or without automatic valves (teatcups B) for a 20-week experimental period. During this period, several strategies were applied to increase teat exposure to pathogens in both experimental groups. In the first eight weeks of the experimental period, the new IMI rate per gland was significantly higher (P < 0·05) in the group of animals milked with teatcups A (6 of 46; 13%) than in the group milked with teatcups B (1 of 46; 2%). However, throughout the rest of the experimental period the same number of glands appeared with new IMI (n = 7) in both animal groups. SCC was higher in goats milked with teatcups A, but no significant differences were found in the remaining variables (milk production and composition, frequency of liner slips + teatcup fall-off). In a second experiment, in a crossover design (54 goats in fourth month of lactation, 2 treatments – teatcups A and B – in 2 experimental periods each lasting 1 week), no differences were observed in total milk, average milk flow, total milking time or teat thickness changes after milking between both teatcups. However, teatcups A worsened slightly the maximum milk flow. We concluded that the use of teatcups with automatic valves, without cutting off the vacuum prior to cluster removal, increases the risk of mastitis on goat livestock farms.

Effect of stimulation intensity on oxytocin release before, during and after machine milking

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Weiss ◽  
Alen Dzidic ◽  
Rupert M Bruckmaier
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Flow Profile ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Oxytocin Release ◽  
Stimulation Period ◽  
Stimulation Of

Release of oxytocin (OT) is essential for milk ejection in dairy cows (Lefcourt & Akers, 1983; Bruckmaier & Blum, 1998). During milk ejection, alveolar milk is shifted into the cistern, which causes an increase of intracisternal pressure (Bruckmaier et al. 1994). To initiate maximum milk ejection at the start of milking, increasing OT concentration beyond a threshold level is sufficient (Schams et al. 1983). Increasing OT concentration beyond this threshold has no additional effect on intracisternal pressure, i.e., milk ejection (Bruckmaier et al. 1994). Stimulatory effects of milking by hand or by machine or by suckling are well documented (Gorewit et al. 1992; Bar-Peled et al. 1995; Tancin et al. 1995; Bruckmaier & Blum, 1996). At the start of milking, stimulatory effects of machine milking without pre-stimulation or with a manual pre-stimulation and subsequent machine milking cause the release of comparable amounts of OT (Gorewit & Gassman, 1985; Mayer et al. 1985; Bruckmaier & Blum, 1996), whereas the timing of the applied pre-stimulation is important for the shape of the milk flow curve. Should the pre-stimulation period be too short, or absent altogether, the start of the main milk flow is delayed resulting in a bimodal milk flow profile (Bruckmaier & Blum, 1996). Furthermore, the stimulation of only one teat causes an OT release similar to that caused by stimulation of all four teats (Bruckmaier et al. 2001). However, milk production is greater for hand milking or suckling than for machine milking, possibly owing to higher OT concentrations (Gorewit et al. 1992; Bar-Peled et al. 1995).

scholarly journals Interruption of machine milking in dairy cows: effects on intramammary pressure and milking characteristics

1995 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Ulrich Pfeilsticker ◽  
Rupert M. Bruckmaier ◽  
Jürg W. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Ejection Rate ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Milking Machine

SUMMARYExperiments were designed to test the hypothesis that milk ejection rate decreases during milking, thereby causing insufficient refill of the cistern and decreasing milk flow rate towards the end of milking. In a first series of experiments machine milking of the left front quarters of 11 cows was interrupted for 2 min after removal of 25, 50 or 75% of expected total milk yield, while milking was continued in the other three quarters. Milk flow was recorded during machine-on times. Intramammary pressure (IMP) was recorded during premilking teat stimulation and during interruption of milking. IMP during interruption of milking decreased with decreasing amounts of milk remaining in the udder. The IMP did not change during these interruptions when they occurred after 25 and 50% of expected total milk yield was removed. Thus, the ejection rate could keep up with the milk flow or removal rate. However, IMP increased during interruption of milking following removal of 75% of total yield, although significantly so only in cows with a high milk flow rate. Obviously, more milk was removed than was transported to the cisternal cavity. It is likely that a reduced ejection rate caused the decreased milk flow rate. In a second series of experiments the pulsation ratio of the milking machine was changed from the usual 70:30 to 50:50 with the aim of reducing the milk flow rate and thus adapting to the ejection rate at the end of milking. The changed pulsation ratio caused a reduced peak flow rate and a prolonged high milk flow period, whereas the main flow rate did not change significantly.

scholarly journals Milkability Evaluation of Jersey Dairy Cows by Lactocorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Bobić ◽  
Pero Mijić ◽  
Vesna Gantner ◽  
Gjoko Bunevski ◽  
Maja Gregić
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Flow Curve ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Flow Curves ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Jersey Cows ◽  
Lower Production

AbstractSince there is not enough data about milkability of the Jersey cows, the aim of this paper is to show basic milkability traits of this cattle breed depending on the parity and milk flow curve types. Cows had average daily production (DMY) of 22.23 kg, milk yield per milking (MYM) of 9.72 kg, and average and maximum milk flow about 1.66 and 2.49 kg/min, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that DMY and MYM of the cows in 4th parity was significantly (p<0.05) higher comparing to cows in 1st and 3th parity. The duration of entirely milking is similar regarding the paritiesand only the cows in 3th and 4th differ significantly (p<0.05). Regarding the effect of milk flow curve, the significant (p<0.05) difference between unspecified and rectangular milk flow curve has been found for the average milk flow (AMF) and descending phase of the milk flow curve (TD). Cows with unspecified milk flow curve, have significantly (p<0.05) lower AMF and longer TD compared to cows with rectangular curve. Cows with bimodal milk flow curve have significantly (p<0.05) longer duration of the ascending phase compering to: unspecified, descending and rectangular. The results of this study have shown that Jersey cows have lower production and milk flow compared to other dairy cattle breeds. Nonetheless, they have uniform milkability traits, and a large representation of desirable milk flow curves which are associated with a beneficial effect on the udder health.

scholarly journals Milk removal in familiar and unfamiliar surroundings: concentrations of oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol and β–endorphin

1993 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert M. Bruckmaier ◽  
Dieter Schams ◽  
Jürg W. Blum
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Operating Theatre ◽  
Flow Curves ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Oxytocin Release ◽  
Central Inhibition ◽  
Vaginal Stimulation

SummaryEight cows were machine milked either in an operating theatre or in their familiar barn. During the experiments, milk flow curves were recorded and blood samples were taken for determination of concentrations of oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol and β–endorphin. The milking cluster was attached without udder preparation. After cessation of milk flow, air was blown into the vagina for 2 min. When milk flow had stopped again, 1 i.u. oxytocin and finally 10 i.u. oxytocin were injected to remove the remaining milk. After the start of milking, oxytocin remained basal in unfamiliar, but increased in familiar surroundings. Therefore, during normal milking only 9% of total milk was removed in unfamiliar, whereas 79% was available in familiar surroundings. In response to subsequent vaginal stimulation in the operating theatre, oxytocin increased transiently in five cows and 15–71% of the milk was removed in these animals. In the other three cows in the operating theatre, oxytocin remained basal during vaginal stimulation, and no more milk was available. After injection of 1 i.u. oxytocin, 56 and 11%, and after injection of 10 i.u. oxytocin, 13 and 8% of milk was removed in unfamiliar and familiar surroundings respectively. Concentrations of prolactin increased during the course of milking in both treatments. Premilking concentrations of cortisol and β–endorphin were elevated in unfamiliar as compared with familiar surroundings. During the course of milking, cortisol increased slightly and β–endorphin decreased in unfamiliar, whereas both hormones increased markedly during milking in familiar surroundings. We conclude that disturbed milk removal in unfamiliar surroundings is due to central inhibition of oxytocin release during normal milking and partly also to a response to vaginal stimulation. This blockade is possibly associated with elevated concentrations of β–endorphin.

Lamb and milk production of a flock of dairy ewes under an accelerated breeding regime

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Eyal ◽  
A. Lawi ◽  
Y. Folman ◽  
M. Morag
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Conception Rates ◽  
Average Annual Production ◽  
June July ◽  
Rate Of Failure ◽  
Daily Milk

SummaryThe management of an experimental flock of dairy sheep was changed from a onceyearly to a frequent-lambing regime. Results are reported on the performance of the flock under the new regime in the course of 3 years. There were 53 and 160, 46 and 242, and 70 and 237 Awassi and Assaf (East-Friesian x Awassi) ewes, respectively, in the flock at the beginning of the 3 consecutive years. A breeding calendar was adopted to produce four mating seasons each year, namely June–July; September–October; December–January; March–April.Average annual production was 1·16 ± 0·24 lambs and 209±9 kg milk for Awassi ewes, and 2·07 ± 0·20 lambs and 287 ± 19 kg milk for Assaf ewes. Hoggets of the same breeds produced 0·61 ± 0·14 and 1·23 ± 0·10 lambs and 99 ± 37 and 220 ± 21 kg of milk, respectively.Following the February-March lambing, conception rates of hormone-treated ewes weaned 2 or 70 days post-partum were 57·1 and 48·8% respectively (P < 0·10). There were no differences in the length of the post-partum interval to conception between low and high milk-yielding ewes. Fertility was highest in the September–October and December–January mating periods, intermediate in June–July and lowest in March–April.Twenty-seven per cent of the original 126 mature Assaf ewes and 15% of the original 46 mature Awassis remained in the flock at the end of 3 years for further breeding. Thirty-one per cent of the mature Assaf population (mixed ages) and 21% of the hoggets were culled in the course of 3 years due to failure to conceive within 6 months post-partum. With Awassi ewes the rate of failure was much higher.Ewes which had lambed twice and completed, on average, 1·5 lactations in a year, produced 30% more milk per year than those which lambed only once during the same period. The more frequent lambing resulted in shorter lactations (156 days) and lower average daily milk yields (1·27 kg) compared with the 182 days and 1·41 kg in the less frequently lambing groups. Pregnancy during early stages of lactation had a small but significant (P < 0·05) effect on the concurrent lactation. Shortening the breeding interval had a much more marked effect on the subsequent lactation. Ewes that conceived, on average, 120 days post-partum, in the subsequent lactations produced 17% more milk than those conceiving 60 days post-partum (P <0·02).Ewes gaining weight at a rate of 5–7 kg during the first 2 months of pregnancy produced, on average, 0·27 kg less milk per day than those which either lost or maintained their weight in that period (P < 0·01).

The influence of lamb genotype on the milk production of Blackface ewes

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Peart ◽  
J. M. Doney ◽  
A. J. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Lactation Curve ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Milk

SUMMARYThe milk intakes of single-born Texel x Blackface and of pure-bred Blackface lambs suckling Blackface ewes was measured using a lamb-suckling technique. The shapes of the lactation curves were similar but the mean milk intake of the Texel x Blackface lambs was substantially greater than that of the pure-bred lambs at all points on the lactation curve. The Texel x Blackface lambs attained a mean maximum daily milk intake of 2418 g and the pure-breds 2075 g; mean total milk intakes during an 84-day period were 157 and 128 kg, respectively. Mean birth weights were 5·08 and 4·98 kg and the subsequent mean daily live-weight gains were 364 and 344 g, respectively, for the Texel x Blackface and pure-bred lambs. It is concluded that lamb genotype had a substantial and significant influence on the milk production of the ewes.

scholarly journals Asymmetric time interval between evening and morning milking and its effect on the total daily milk yield

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Chládek ◽  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Daniel Falta ◽  
Radoslava Jedelská ◽  
Aleš Dufek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Morning Milk ◽  
Daily Milk

Samples of milk obtained in the course of evening and morning milking performed in variable time intervals of either 11 and 13 hours (n = 1.282) or 10 and 14 hours (n = 370) were collected with the aim to quantify the effect of the length of a variable (asymmetric) time interval between evening and morning milking on the total amount and composition of daily milk production of dairy cows. Milk samples were analysed in an accredited (EN ISO 17025) laboratory in Brno-Tuřany (Czech Republic) and the following contents of individual milk components were estimated: fat (F; g.100g−1), total protein (TP; g.100g−1), lactose (L; lactose monohydrate; g.100g−1), and somatic cell counts (SCC; ­103.ml−1) were estimated in. It was found out that with the increasing total daily milk production the shares of evening and morning milk yield increased as well; however, the percentages of evening and/or morning yields in the total yield remained practically unchanged and represented 43.5 % and 56.5% or 40.4 % and 59.6 % in variants with intervals of 11 and 13 hours and/or 10 and 14 hours, respectively. In the variant with the milking interval of 11 and 13 hours, values of correlation coefficients between the above parameters (i.e. F, TP, L, SCC, and log SCC) of evening and morning milk yields on the one hand and the total milk performance on the other ranged from the minimum r = 0.896 (F) to the maximum r = 0.980 (TP). In the variant with the interval of 10 and 14 hours, the corresponding values of correlation coefficients were r = 0.848 (F) and r = 0.983 (TP). These correlations were statistically highly significant in all cases (P ≤ 0.001). Further, linear regression equations enabling the estimation of milk parameters of the total milk yield on the base of results obtained in evening and morning milking was calculated as well. Values of coefficients of determination (R2) of these equations ranged from 0.803 (F) to 0.960 (TP) and from 0.718 (F) to 0.966 (TP) for intervals of 11:13 hours and of 10:14 hours, respectively.

scholarly journals Role of Sex Chromatin on performance in the Arabi sheep

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Salim Omar Raoof
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Sex Chromatin ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Daily Milk

     This study was conducted on 122 Arabi sheep belonged to private flock in Erbil plain Kurdistan region- Iraq, from July/ 2014 to August/ 2015 for studying the role of sex chromatin on daily milk production, total milk production, lactation period, fertility rate, prolificacy, birth weight and fertilizes estrous sequences. The repeatability for the studied traits were estimated. The ratio of sex chromatin shapes drum stick, sessile nodule, tear drop and small club were 23.37%, 60.22%, 8.54% and 7.87% respectively.The overall means of daily milk production, total milk production, lactation period, birth weight, fertilize estrous sequences, fertility rate, and Prolificacy were 814.65 g 81.49 kg 103.53 day, 78.10%, 1.60, 3.84 kg and 1.50 respectively. Sex chromatin shapes had significant (P<0.05) effect on all traits studied. The results revealed that the estimation of the Repeatability coefficient for daily milk production was 0.42. It was concluded from this study that production traits (milk production and birth weight) and reproduction (fertility rate, prolificacy and fertilize estrous sequences) performance of Arabi sheep were significantly affected by the shapes and percentage of sex chromatin distribution and measurements. The sex chromatin shapes could be used as a tool for early selection of the elite individuals.

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