scholarly journals Distribution of Apple stem grooving virus in apple trees in the Czech Republic

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Polák ◽  
J. Zieglerová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Apple Stem Grooving Virus ◽  
Apple Stem ◽  
High Incidence

From 1997 to 2000 the distribution of Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) in selected intensive apple orchards was investigated at six sites in the Czech Republic. Detection of ASGV was by ELISA. The virus was found to be commonly distributed; it was detected in over 50 % of the tested trees. Some cultivars were infected up to 100 %, while several were found to be virus-free. A high incidence of infected trees appeared in both older (20 years) and younger (7 to 8 years) orchards. This emphasizes the necessity to initiate the certification of the health condition of nursery material according to the system recommended by the EPPO.

scholarly journals Phytoplasma occurrence in apple trees in the Czech Republic

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Fialová ◽  
M. Navrátil ◽  
P. Válová
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Apple Proliferation ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Phytoplasma Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The presence of phytoplasmas in apple trees with proliferation symptoms, rubbery wood symptoms and no symp­toms was determined by using polymerase chain reaction assays with primers amplifying phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene. Phytoplasmas were detected in all trees with proliferation symptoms. Positive tests for phytoplasma in the group of trees with rubbery wood symptoms and of those without symptoms revealed a relatively high incidence of latent phytoplasma infection. Using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, phytoplasma of the same identity – apple proliferation phytoplasma (subgroup 16SrX-A) – was recorded in all positively tested trees.  

scholarly journals Prediction of profitability of topworking in older apple orchards under contemporary economic conditions of the Czech Republic  

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Blažek ◽  
V. Falta ◽  
R. Vávra ◽  
V. Beneš
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Health State ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Good Health State

: In the Czech Republic, there is still a predominance of obsolete apple orchards that were established more than 15 years ago and that are not profitable under contemporary conditions. Typical features of these orchards are low or medium tree densities, freely growing semi-standard trees or hedgerows on semi-dwarf, or sometimes also on vigorous, rootstocks. The farmers are not always in a position to completely renovate them, and therefore they are interested in their topworking. The present paper studied the effectiveness of this measure under the current economic and market conditions of this country, using 3 types of orchards with different spacings and rootstocks and 5 groups of tree densities. Four cultivars were chosen as examples of different starting statuses for the modelling of subsequent development in three time horizons and for the prediction of profitability of this treatment. The profitability is based on an increase in farmer prices for cultivars that are presently recommended for replacement of the older ones according to the recent development of these prices on the fresh market. In the case of topworking for Spartan cv., an economic return of the measure can be expected at the earliest after 8 years of running the treated orchard. The greatest increase in profit can be achieved in orchards on the rootstock M 9. Nevertheless, with the decline of tree numbers in the orchard, or with the increase in tree losses, the general economic effectiveness of topworking notably falls. In the case of trees on the rootstock MM 106, this measure can have an economic effect only if at least 80% of the trees is in a good health state and it is presumed that the orchard will be used for another 10 years at least. A list of recommended cultivars to be used for replacement of the old ones is given.

scholarly journals Some aspects of alder decline along the Lužnice River

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 381-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Vyhlídková ◽  
D. Palovčíková ◽  
M. Rybníček ◽  
P. Čermák ◽  
L. Jankovský
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Secondary Activation

Alder decline along watercourses is one of the marked manifestations of tree decline in the Czech Republic. Local decline of alder trees is documented in the Czech Republic for about 15 years. The aim of this paper is to evaluate causes of alder decline and assess health conditions of other species of riparian stands at 2 localities on the medium reach of the Lužnice River. Effects were studied of abiotic and biotic stressors on the health condition of tree species. No fungal pathogen was found in tissues of declining alders which would be present in all trees and which could be considered to be the main causal agent of the decline. Even an occurrence of the causal agent of alder decline named alder-Phytophthora has not been proved. Tree-ring analyses demonstrated decreasing trends of an increment in alders; however, an abiotic or biotic factor showing direct effects on the fluctuation of tree ring dimensions has not been positively determined. A marked role in the alder decline is demonstrated particularly by abiotic factors accompanied by the secondary activation of some pathogens. Generally, the phenomenon can be named as polyetiologic decline.

scholarly journals Flight pattern of Archips podana (Lep.: Tortricidae) based on data from pheromone traps

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
J. Stará ◽  
F. Kocourek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Flight Pattern ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Summer Generation ◽  
Richards Function

In 9 years of the period 1993–1999 and 2001–2003 the flight activity of <I>Archips podana</I> was investigated by pheromone traps placed in four apple orchards in Central and East Bohemia. The cumulative catches of <I>A. podana</I> males were plotted against time of the catch expressed in sum of degree-days (DD) above 10°C and approximated by Richards’ function. Common parameters of Richards’ function could be found for the overwintering generation of <I>A. podana</I> from all localities. The beginning, peak and end of flight activity of the overwintering generation of the <I>A. podana </I>population in Central and East Bohemia can be predicted by use of DD. <I>Archips podana </I>is usually bivoltine in the Czech Republic, rarely univoltine in cold years or cold localities. Construct the flight pattern of the summer generation could of <I>A. podana </I>not be constructed, because the course of flight of this generation in dependence on DD differed significantly in particular years and localities.

scholarly journals Detection of Apple Stem Grooving Virus in Dormant Apple Trees with Crude Extracts as Templates for One-Step RT-PCR

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 785-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera L. A. Marinho ◽  
J. Kummert ◽  
G. Rufflard ◽  
D. Colinet ◽  
P. Lepoivre
Keyword(s):  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Degenerate Primers ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Japanese Strain ◽  
Apple Stem Grooving Virus ◽  
Apple Stem ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
One Step ◽  
The One

Partial nucleotide sequences of amplification products obtained from four European apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) isolates using degenerate primers showed 80 to 85% similarity with the published ASGV sequence of a Japanese strain but 98 to 100% identities among themselves. Based on these sequences, two ASGV-specific primers (ASGV4F-ASGV4R) were designed to amplify a 574-bp fragment located in the putative viral RNA polymerase. With these primers, six European and five American ASGV isolates, maintained in herbaceous hosts (Chenopodium quinoa, Nicotiana glutinosa, and N. occidentalis) or in apple trees, were readily detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using these specific ASGV primers, dsRNA preparations have been shown to constitute good templates for reliable amplification of ASGV sequences from leaves and bark tissues of apple trees, both in a two-step RT-PCR protocol and in the one-step Titan One-Tube RT-PCR. System. Furthermore, the one-step RT-PCR system allowed a specific amplification of ASGV sequences directly from clarified crude extracts of leaves and bark tissues of apple trees during both active growth and the dormant season.

scholarly journals Comparison of the welfare of laying hens, broiler chickens and turkeys in terms of bird health as surveyed during inspection in slaughterhouses

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-248
Author(s):  
Lenka Večerková ◽  
Eva Voslářová ◽  
Vladimír Večerek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
The State ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Acute Changes ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Total Ratio

During the period 2010–2017 we monitored 17 346 183 laying hens, 887 994 167 broiler chickens and 919 843 turkeys slaughtered at slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic. In cooperation with the State Veterinary Administration, we recorded findings detected in slaughtered birds within the post mortem veterinary inspection. We analysed the total number of patho-anatomical findings (of intravital origin) and the number of findings divided into acute, chronic and traumatic diseases. In hens, the total ratio of the number of patho-anatomical intravital findings to the number of slaughtered birds (index) was found to be 0.378. This index of the incidence of patho-anatomical findings in hens was higher (P < 0.001) than that found in broilers (0.016) and turkeys (0.101). The prevailing findings in hens were chronic changes (26.32%), followed by acute changes (5.29%), but also notable were traumatic changes (3.90%). Compared to the findings in broilers which were divided into chronic (0.34%), acute (0.10%) and traumatic diseases (0.02%) and turkey findings which were broken down into chronic (7.60%), acute (0.16%) and traumatic diseases (0.33%), the findings of acute, chronic and traumatic diseases were higher (P < 0.001) in hens than in broilers and turkeys. These findings show that the health condition and hence the welfare of laying hens as reflected in the patho-anatomical findings during the veterinary inspection of slaughtered birds is significantly worse than the health condition of broilers and turkeys. This demonstrates the need for increased care for laying hens both on farms and in transit to the slaughterhouse.

scholarly journals Tests for the presence of koi herpesvirus (KHV) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) in the Czech Republic

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 562-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pokorova ◽  
V. Piackova ◽  
A. Cizek ◽  
S. Reschova ◽  
J. Hulova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Koi Carp ◽  
Koi Herpesvirus ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Pcr Method

An outbreak of koi herpesvirus (KHV) infection associated with high mortality of common and koi carp was recorded in the USA and Israel in 1998. At present, this disease is viewed as one of the most significant factors that can adversely affect common and koi carp breeds. The disease has spread worldwide including European countries neighbouring with the Czech Republic (CR), i.e. Germany, Poland, and Austria. To monitor the situation in the CR, samples were collected from a total of 138 common and koi carps in seven and eight locations in CR respectively, and were examined between 2005 and 2006. Locations owned by the major producers of common and koi carp were selected with respect of potential occurrence of the KHV virus. No records of increased mortality and morbidity were noticed there. Preferentially carps with non-specific symptoms of disease were sampled, often with isolated skin erosions. To obtain detailed picture about health condition of examined fish the bacteriological and haematological examinations were accomplished. The next part of the examined samples were carp and koi carp for export from professional breeders, imported koi carp and fish from breeds with increased mortality (45 and 21 fish in 2005 and 2006, respectively) The only virological testing was done in this case. The culture and PCR method, according to Gilad et al. (2002) showed negative results for virus KHV in all years. Retrospective investigation by PCR method according to Bercovier et al. (2005) showed positivity in five locations in 2005. In 2006, KHV virus was not detected in any of the selected locations. The aim of our study was to find out the presence/absence of KHV in selected locations and potential correlation of virological, bacteriological and haematological findings. The results of first testing for presence of koi herpesvirus indicates the necessity of regular KHV monitoring in the Czech Republic in the next period.

Flight patterns of Hedya dimidioalba, Spilonota ocellana and Pandemis heparana (Lep.: Tortricidae) based on data from pheromone traps

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Stará ◽  
F. Kocourek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Flight Pattern ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Richards Function ◽  
Pandemis Heparana

During 1992–1999 the flight activity of Hedya dimidioalba, Spilonota ocellana and Pandemis heparana was investigated by pheromone traps placed in six apple orchards and a plum orchard in Central and East Bohemia. The cumulative catches of each species were plotted against time of the catch expressed as the sum of degree-days above 10°C (H. dimidioalba and S. ocellana) and 8°C (P. heparana) and approximated by Richards’ function. Common parameters of Richards’ function could be found for Hedya dimidioalba and Spilonota ocellana from all localities. In Pandemis heparana the flight pattern was different for groups of localities with similar climatic conditions. It was found that the beginning, peak and end of the flight activity of these species in the Czech Republic can be reasonably predicted.

scholarly journals RT-PCR-ELISA for detection of Apple stem grooving virus in apple trees

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Lúcia A. Marinho ◽  
Julio Daniels ◽  
Jean Kummert ◽  
Anne Chandelier ◽  
Philippe Lepoivre
Keyword(s):  
Colorimetric Detection ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Replicase Gene ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Coat Protein Region ◽  
Microtiter Plates ◽  
Apple Stem Grooving Virus ◽  
Apple Stem ◽  
Pcr Products

A method to detect Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed using primers ASGV4F-ASGV4R targeting the viral replicase gene, followed by a sandwich hybridisation, in microtiter plates, for colorimetric detection of the PCR products. The RT-PCR was performed with the Titan™ RT-PCR system, using AMV and diluted crude extracts of apple (Malus domestica) leaf or bark for the first strand synthesis and a mixture of Taq and PWO DNA polymerase for the PCR step. The RT-PCR products is hybridised with both a biotin-labelled capture probe linked to a streptavidin-coated microtiter plate and a digoxigenin (DIG)-labelled detection probe. The complex was detected with an anti-DIG conjugate labelled with alkaline phosphatase. When purified ASGV was added to extracts of plant tissue, as little as 400 fg of the virus was detected with this method. The assay with ASGV4F-ASGV4R primers specifically detected the virus in ASGV-infected apple trees from different origins, whereas no signal was observed with amplification products obtained with primers targeting the coat protein region of the ASGV genome or with primers specific for Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) and Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV). The technique combines the power of PCR to increase the number of copies of the targeted gene, the specificity of DNA hybridization, and the ease of colorimetric detection and sample handling in microplates.

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